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GILDER8LEEVE-L0D0E  LATIN  SERIES 


WKITING   LATIN 


BOOK  ONE-SECOND  YEAR  WORK 


JOHK  EDMUND'' BA'kfeS'  i""**''''^'"^ '«•• 

i:<ATIN    MASTER    IN    THE    HOTCHKISS     SCHOOL 


UlSriVERSITY    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
NEW  YORK  ♦  BOSTON  ♦  NEW  ORLEANS 

190,3 


COPYBIOHT,  1903,  BY 

UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


PKEFACE 

The  method  of  this  little  book  is  intended  to  provide  a 
rational  and  systematic  treatment'  of  the  difficulties  which 
assail  the  beginner. 

The  order  of  subjects  is  unconventional.  Beginning  with 
the  simplest  forms  of  statement,  the  development  of  topics 
has  aimed  to  bring  together  things  naturally  associated  in  the 
mind,  and  therefore  often  confounded.  For  instance,  the 
Possessive  Dative  and  the  Possessive  Genitive  are  contrasted 
in  the  same  exercise ;  likewise  the  Infinitive  with  Subject 
Accusative  and  the  Indirect  Question.  The  confusion  which 
arose  under  the  unnatural  method  of  studying  such  things 
at  different  times  disappears  when  the  pupil  must  associate 
and  compare  in  the  same  lesson  things  alike  in  English, 
but  unlike  in  Latin. 

The  gulf  between  English  idiom  and  the  technical  state- 
ments of  the  grammar  is  further  lessened  by  ^'  Hints,"  follow- 
ing and  supplementing  the  grammatical  references.  These 
are  written  from  the  standpoint  of  one  attempting  to  recog- 
nize in  the  formulas  of  English  the  marks  of  their  corre- 
sponding Latin  constructions.  It  is  expected  that  teachers 
will  insist  on  thorough  study  of  the  "  Hints,"  as  of  equal 
importance  with  the  grammar  in  preparation  for  writing  the 
exercises. 

By  the  postponement  of  certain  subjects  to  Book  Two, 
time  is  gained  for  necessary  practice  in  the  fundamentals. 
Not  until  frequent  repetition  has  insured  something  like 
mastery  of  the  Indicative  Mood  and  the  common  case- 
constructions  are  the  other  moodsji^roduced. 


PREFACE  IV 

An  abundance  of  easy  sentences  provides  for  accuracy. 
To  get  all  the  details  of  very  simple  sentences  correct  is  an 
achievement,  at  first ;  and  the  accurate  and  perfect  writing 
of  such  sentences  is  better  than  botched  attempts  at  solving 
syntactical  riddles.  Every  fifth  exercise  is  a  piece  of  contin- 
uous prose,  involving  the  principles  of  the  preceding  four 
lessons. 

Much  of  the  Vocabulary  is  taken  from  the  first  two  books 
of  Caesar's  Gallic  War.  Familiar  words  have  been  employed 
to  a  large  extent,  in  order  that  the  pupil  may  concentrate 
his  mind  on  the  inflections.  Besides  the  indirect  review  of 
Caesar  which  this  method  provides,  a  more  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  text  may  be  secured  through  the  use  of  the  second 
set  of  exercises,  which  are  based  directly  on  Caesar,  B.  O.  I, 
1-13,  and  II,  I- II.  It  is  recommended  that  these  be  used 
in  the  manner  suggested  in  the  headnote  to  Exercise  I,  on 
page  47. 

Following  these  are  Constructive  Sentences,  in  which  the 
pupil  is  provided  with  material  for  constructing  his  own 
illustrations  of  grammatical  principles,  and  given  a  not  too 
difficult  test  of  intelligent  mastery. 

To  the  friends  who  have  helped  me  in  the  preparation  of 
this  book  I  am  much  indebted,  and  I  thank  them  here.  In 
particular  I  would  acknowledge  my  obligation  to  Professor 
Everett  W.  Sawyer  of  Acadia  College,  Nova  Scotia,  who  has 
read  the  proof  and  given  valuable  advice. 

J.  Edmund  Barss. 
The  Hotchkiss  ScnooL, 
Lakeville,  Conn.,  April  23,  1902. 


WRITING    LATIN 

BOOK  ONE 


LESSON  I 

THE  SIMPLE  SENTENCE.    TENSES  OF  THE  INDICATIVE. 

The  references  are  to  the  grammars  of  Gildersleeve  and  Lodge  (G.), 
Allen  and  Greenough  (A.),  Bennett  (B.),  and  Harkness  (H.). 

Case    of   the   Subject:    G.   203;    A.   173.   i;    B.  166; 
H.  387. 

Case  of  the  Direct  Object:  G.  328;  A.  237;  B.  172, 
173 ;  H.  404. 

Case  of  Address:  G.  23.  5,  201.  Remark  1;  A.  241; 
B.  171;  H.  402. 

Concord  of  the  Verbal  Predicate  :  G.  211 ;  A.  204 ; 
B.  254 ;  H.  388. 

Active  and  Passive  Voices:  G.  212,  213,  214,  216; 
A.  Ill,  237.  a  ;  B.  94.  I  ;  H.  191,  192. 

Ablative  of  Agent :  G.  401  (second  paragraph);  A.  246 
and  Remark  ;  B.  216  ;  H.  468. 

Tenses  of  Incomplete  Action:  G.  227,  231,  242; 
A.  276, 277,  Note,  a,  278;  B.  257  (complete),  260.  i,  2 ;  H.  532, 
534.  I,  2,  3,  536. 

Questions  with  -ne  and  Nonne:  Gr.  454,  455 ;  A.  210.  a, 
c;  B.  162.  2,  a),  c);  H.  378  and  2. 


WRITING    LATIN 


HINTS. 


Present  Tense.     English  has  three  forms  of  the  present. 
Latin  has  but  one  form  to  render  all  of  these ;  thus, 
English.  Latin. 

/  write  (simple  present) ;  1 

/  am  writing  (present  progressive) ;  )■    scrlbo. 
I  do  tvrite  (present  emphatic).  J 

Position  of  n^n,  Non  regularly  stands  before  the  word 
which  it  modifies.  Thus,  We  were  not  writing  is  always  Non 
scrlbebamus,  and  never  in  the  reverse  order. 

Position  of  the  Vocative.  The  vocative  is  best  written 
after  one  or  more  words  of  the  sentence ;  thus. 

Soldiers,    where   are    your   standards?     Ubi,    militfis,    sunt 
signa  vestra? 

EXERCISE    I. 

In  each  lesson  the  sentences  numbered  with  heavy  type  constitute  a 
short  but  complete  exercise,  suitable  for  review,  or  for  a  more  rapid 
treatment  of  any  part  of  the  subject. 

1.  Orgetorix  is  forming  a  conspiracy.  2.  He  will  form  a 
conspiracy  and  seize  the  throne.  3.  The  chiefs  of  ^  the  states 
were  forming  conspiracies.  4.  They  fear  Caesar  and  form 
conspiracies.  5.  The  Celts  inhabited  Gaul.  .  6.  Was  not 
Gaul  inhabited  by  Celts  ?  7.  The  tribes  were  ruled  by  chiefs. 
8.  Do  the  chiefs  rule  the  tribes  of  Gaul  ?  9.  The  Gauls 
will  go  out  and  march  through  the  province.  10.  You, 
Cicero,  were  making  a  speech.  11.  Did  Caesar  make 
speeches  ?  12.  Were  not  the  speeches  of  Caesar  heard  by 
the   soldiers  ?      13.    Part   of   Gaul   is   inhabited   by   Celts. 

^  The  genitive  will  be  systematically  treated  later  ;  meanwhile,  it  is 
assumed  that  of  and  the  English  possessive  case  will  be  translated  by 
the  genitive,  unless  otherwise  indicated. 


WRITIKG    LATIN  7 

14.  Shall  we  wage  war  ?  15.  I  am  marching  through  part 
of  the  province.  16.  Do  the  Celts  inhabit  part  of  the  prov- 
ince ?  17.  The  chiefs  of  the  Gauls  were  making  peace. 
18.  The  royal-power  (pl.)i  was  being  seized  by  the  chiefs 
of  the  enemy.  19.  Orgetorix,  are  you  seizing  the  royal- 
power  ?  20.  War  will  be  waged  by  the  Gauls  and  (by)  the 
chiefs  of  the  Germans. 

[See  exercises,  page  47.J 

L.ESSON  II 

ATTRIBUTIVE  AND  PREDICATE  AGREEMENT.     TENSES  OF 
THE  INDICATIVE,  CONTINUED. 

Attributive  Agreement.  Apposition :  G.  289,  290, 
291,  320,  321  ;  A.  183,  184,  186  and  a,  187.  a,  1;  B.  169.  i,  2, 
233.  2,  234,  235.  A,  h  B,l;  H.  393,  394,  395.  i,  2. 

Predicate  Adjective  and  Predicate  Noun  :  G.  205,  206, 
211,  285,  286.  i,  2,  340;  A.  184.  2,  185.  a,  b,  187.  2,  b,  239.  a,  I, 
a  and  Notes,  186.  b,  1,  2,  187.  2,  b;  B.  167,  168  and  2,  177. 
I,  2,  235.  A,  2,  B,  2  (complete);  H.  393.  8,  394,  395.  i,  2,  410.  i. 

Tenses  of  Completed  Action :  G.  236.  i,  2,  239,  244 ; 
A.  279,  280,  281 ;  B.  257,  262,  263,  264 ;  H.  537.  i,  2,  538.  2, 
539,  540. 

HINTS. 

Agreement.  The  somewhat  complicated  rules  of  agree- 
ment depend  on  the  following  principles  : 

(a)  An  adjective  or  a  noun  used  in  attributive  or  predicate 
agreement  has  the  same  case  as  the  word  (or  words)  which 
it  describes. 

(b)  The  GEi^TDER  and  number  of  such  adjectives  or  nouns 
will  also  be  the  same  as  those  of  the  word  or  words  which  they 
describe,  so  far  as  circumstances  allow.     Special  rules  are 

'  Words  in  parentheses  ( )  are  explanatory. 


8  WRITING    LATIN" 

given  when  one  adjective  describes  two  or  more  words  of 
different  gender  or  number. 

Perfect  Tense.  The  simple  past  tense  in  English  is  some- 
times ambiguous,  and  we  can  uhen  only  guess  whether  a 
Roman  would  have  used  the  perfect  or  the  imperfect.    Thus, 

The  soldier  was  irave 
might  be 

Miles  fuit  fortis 

(that  is,  the  soldier  was  once  brave,  and  is  so  no  longer,  or 
was  brave  on  some  particular  occasion) ;  or 

Miles  erat  fortis 

(that  is,  the  soldier  was  habitually  brave). 
But  in 

The  soldier  was  killed 

only  the  perfect,  interfectus  est,  could  be  used,  because  the 
imperfect,  interficiebatur,  would  mean  either  he  was  being 
hilled,  which  the  sentence  does  not  suggest,  or  he  was  killed 
a  nu77iber  of  times  ! 

EXERCISE    II. 

1.  The  chiefs  are  called  friends.  2.  We  call  the  chiefs 
our  friends.  3.  Orgetorix  had  been  a  chief  of  the  Helve- 
tians, a  people  of  Gaul.  4.  The  throne  has  been  seized  by 
Dumnorix,  a  brother  of  Diviciacus.  5.  Orgetorix,  the  chief 
of  the  tribe,  has  been  appointed  ambassador.  6.  They  ap- 
pointed him  ambassador.  7.  Casticus,  the  Sequanian,  will 
have  made  the  same  attempt  (attempted  the  same).  8.  You, 
Casticus,  have  seized  your  father^s  throne.  9.  Had  a 
conspiracy  been  formed  by  the  bold  leaders  of  all  the 
states  ?  10.  Were  not  the  Belgians  the  bravest  of  all  the 
Gauls?  11.  They  exchanged  pledges  (sing.)  with-one- 
another.  12.  Have  we  not  had  Caesar^s  oath  ?  13.  You 
have  the  oath  of  Caesar,  the  mighty  Eoman  general.  14.  The 
Romans  elected  Messala  and  Piso  consuls.     15.  Messala  and 


WEITING    LATIN  9 

Piso  were  elected  consuls  by  the  Eomans.  16.  We  have 
called  the  Celts  Gauls.  17.  The  Celts  have  been  called  Gauls 
by  us.  18.  Orgetorix,  a  brave  Helvetian,  had  been  chosen 
chief  of  this  embassy.  19.  Casticus,  a  brave  chief  of  the 
Sequani,  will  make  the  same  attempt.  20.  The  same  at- 
tempt will  be  made  by  Casticus,  the  son  of  a  brave  Gaul. 


LESSON   III 

THE  RELATIVE.    ABLATIVE  OF  MEANS  AND  OF  CAUSE. 

Syntax  of  the  Relative :  G.  614  and  Kemarks ;  A.  198 
and  a,  199;  B.  250.  i,  2,  3 ;  H.  396  and  2,  3. 

Ablative  of  Means  :  G.  401;  A.  248.  c;  B.  218;  H.  476. 

Ablative  of  Cause :  G.  408  and  Eemark  2 ;  A.  245  and 
b;  B.  219;  H.  475. 

HINTS. 

The  Relative.     In  the  sentences. 
This  letter  is  long :  I  am  reading  the  letter,  Haec  epistula  est 

longa:  epistulam  lego, 
notice  that  the  first  letter  is  subject ;   the  second,  object. 
Notice  how  the  Latin  marks  this  difference. 

Without  change  of  meaning  we  might  have  had 
This  letter  is  long,  and  I  am  reading  it,  Haec  epistula  est 

longa,  et  earn  lego. 
Here  a7id  it  (et  earn)  replaces  the  word  letter  (epistulam), 
avoiding  an  awkward  repetition. 

We  may  go  still  further  and  say 
This  letter  is  long,  luhich  I  am  reading,  Haec  epistula  est 

longa,  quam  lego, 
or,  in  a  more  natural  order. 

This  letter,  which  I  am  reading,,  is  long,  Haec  epistula,  quam 
lego,  est  longa. 


10  WRITING    LATIN 

It  will  be  noticed  that  both  earn  and  quam  are  accusative 
because  they  have  taken  the  place  of  epistulam  as  the  ob- 
ject of  lego.  The  gender  and  number  are  the  same  as  those 
of  epistulam,  the  word  which  they  replace,  as  well  as  of 
epistula,  the  ''antecedent." 

Grammatically,  these  facts  are  expressed  by  saying  that  the 
relative  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender  and  number, 
but  its  case  depends  on  its  construction  in  the  clause  in 
which  it  stands. 

Ablative  of  Means.  With  or  by  is  a  sign  of  this  abla- 
tive wherever  we  may  substitute  hy  means  of  without  altering 
the  sense ;  thus, 

The  master  was  killed  luith  a  sivord,  Dominus  gladio  occisus  est. 

Remember 

(a)  that  the  ablative  of  means  never  takes  a  preposition ; 

(b)  that  the  person  with  whom  the  act  originates  is  the 
agent,  not  the  means,  and  that  a  or  ab  must  be  used  to 
express  agency  ;  thus, 

Tlte  master^  ivas  hilled  hy  the  slave  tvith  a  sword, 
Dominus  a  servo  gladio  interfectus  est. 

Ablative  of  Cause.  Various  prepositions  in  English  are 
used  in  phrases  which  tell  the  reason  or  motive  for  an  act. 
Generally  we  may  recognize  such  phrases  by  observing  that 
they  answer  the  question  ''Why  ?"  and  that  we  may  substi- 
tute for  the  preposition  employed  because  of  or  on  account  of 
without  altering  the  sense.     Thus,  in 

They  were  pale  with  fright,  Pallidi  timore  erant, 

we  have  the  answer  to  the  question  "Why  were  they  pale  ?" 
and  we  may  substitute  because  of  or  on  account  of  for  with, 
and  not  alter  the  sense.  What  questions  would  the  following 
answer  ? — 

/  ivas  delighted  witl\  your  gift. 

The  soldiers  were  blamed  for  their  rashness. 


WRITING    LATIN  11 


EXERCISE    III. 


1.  The  Helvetians  who  had  formed  the  plan  were  influ- 
enced by  the  speech  of  Orgetorix.  2.  They  are  influenced 
by  the  hope  which  this  speech  has  given.  3.  The  army  has 
set  out  by  three  routes.  4.  There  are  three  routes  by  which 
the  army  will  set  out.  5.  We  have  been  praised  on-account- 
of  our  bravery.  6.  These  are  soldiers  whom  the  commander 
has  praised  for  great  courage.  7.  I  saw  many  mountains  the 
height  of  which  ^  was  great.  8.  We  who  inhabit  the  plain  ad- 
mire the  mountains  for  [their]  ^  height.  9.  All  were  glad  at 
this.  10.  A  bridge  crosses  that  river  which  you  see.  11.  You 
see  a  river  which  is  crossed  by  a  ford  and  a  bridge.  12.  The 
Ehine,  which  is  a  deep  river,  was  crossed  by  Caesar^s  army 
by  means  of  a  bridge.  13.  By  whom  had  that  river  been 
crossed  ?  14,  We  are  disturbed  by  the  news  which  has  been 
brought  by  the  scouts.  15.  The  scouts  had  brought  news, 
part  of  which  I  did  not  hear.  16.  A  river,  the  banks  of 
which  are  very  high,  has  been  seen  by  the  three  soldiers  who 
were  chosen  [as]  scouts.  17.  Caesar  will  choose  as  guides 
those  who  have  seen  the  river.  18.  We  all  fled  in  terror. 
19.  Citizens,  you  are  pale  with  anger  and  fear.  20.  The 
soldiers  returned  by  Caesar's  command. 


LESSON   IV 

ABLATIVE  OF  ATTENDANCE  AND  OF  MANNER. 

Ablative  of  Attendance  (Accompaniment) :  G.  392 
and  Remark  1 ;  A.  248.  a,  b,  and  Note  ;  B.  222  and  i  ;  H. 
473.  I,  474.  2,  Note  1. 

*  See  footnote  to  Exercise  I. 

'  Words  in  square  brackets  [  ]  are  not  to  be  translated. 


12  WRITING    LATIN"    - 

Ablative  of  Manner :  G.  399 ;  A.  248 ;  B.  220  and  i  ; 
H.  473.  3  and  Note. 

Position  of  Cum :  G.  413.  Eemark  1 ;  A.  99.  e,  104.  e ; 
B.  142.  4 ;  H.  175.  7,  182.  2. 

HINTS. 

When  to  use  cum.  We  have  already  had  with  as  a  sign 
of  the  ablative  of  means  ;  thus. 

We  grasp  with  the  hand  {with  =  by  means  0/),  Manu  prehen- 

dimus ; 

and  of  the  ablative  of  cause  ;  thus. 

The  king  was  white  with  rage  {with  ~  because  of),  Rex  ira 
pallidus  erat. 

With  may  also  denote  attendance  ;  thus, 

Caesar  set    out  with    two    legions   {with  =  together    with), 
Caesar  cum  duabus  legionibus  profectus  est ; 

and  likewise  the  manner  in  which  an  act  is  performed  ;  thus. 

The  messenger  ran  with  speed  (i.e.  in  a  speedy  manner) y 

NUntius  cum  celeritate  cucurrit. 

The  preposition  cum  is  never  used  except  with  the  ablative 
of  attendance  and  the  ablative  of  manner. 

EXERCISE    IV. 

1.  The  general   crossed  the  river  with  all   [his]  forces. 

2.  We  are  crossing  this   deep  river  with  great  difficulty. 

3.  The  river  is  crossed  by  fords  and  bridges.  4.  The  Ro- 
mans were  fighting  with  the  Gauls.  5.  The  enemy  had 
fought  with  courage.  6.  Many  were  slain  with  the  sword. 
7.  Others  departed  with  the  greatest  speed.  8.  Soldiers, 
you  will  fight  with  your  enemies  with  swords  and  spears. 
9.  We  saw  the  river  with  joy.     10.  The  weapon  with  which 


.    WRITING    LATIN  13 

I  shall  defend  you  is  my  sword.  11.  Were  you  pleased 
with  that  speech,  my  friend  ?  12.  Shall  we  ^  go  with 
you,  Galba,  or  (an)  will  you  come  with  us  ?  13.  The 
general  entered  the  camp  with  Labienus  [his]  lieutenant. 
14.  The  enemy  with  whom  we  fought  defended  the  walls 
with  great  stones.  15.  The  city  was  defended  by  them 
with  great  courage.  16.  But  we  took  the  city  with  all  the 
defenders.  17.  The  brave  defenders  went  out  with  sor- 
row.    18.  They  will  go  out  with  the  women  and  children. 

19.  Orgetorix  with  other  chiefs  had  formed  a  conspiracy. 

20.  We  heard  the  news  with  great  joy. 


LESSON   V 

REVIEW. 

•    EXERCISE  V. 

Orgetorix  the  Helvetian  was  forming  a  conspiracy  with 
other  chiefs  of  the  Gauls  whom  he  had  incited-to-rebellion. 
These  2  [men]  seized  the  thrones  of  the  states  which  they 
inhabited,  and  exchanged  a  pledge  and  an  oath  with-one- 
another.  The  Helvetians  had  already  established  peace 
and  friendship  with  the  nearest  states.  Orgetorix  they 
appointed  ambassador,  [and  it  was  he]  who  accomplished 
these  things  and  influenced  the  leaders  of  the  other  states 
by  the  speeches  which  he  made. 

The  Gauls  had  been  armed  by  [their]  leaders  with  swords 
and  shields.  They  had  both  infantry  and  cavalry.  They 
fought  with  courage,  and  were  feared  for  the  [great]  size  of 
[their]  bodies.      These  were   the   enemies  with  whom  the 

*  All  the  pronouns  in  this  sentence  should  be  translated,  as  they  are  in 
emphatic  contrast.  ^  Use  the  relative. 


14  WRITING    LATIN 

Romans  fought.  Caesar  came  with  that  legion  which  he  had 
with  him  (sficum),  and  fortified  [his]  camp  with  a  palisade 
and  a  ditch.  By  these  ^  things  and  by  the  bravery  of  the 
soldiers  the  enemy  was  repulsed,  and  retreated  with  shouting 
and  confusion.  Orgetorix  was  greatly  (vehementer)  disturbed 
on  account  of  this  victory. 


LESSON   VI 

DATIVE  OF  INDIRECT  OBJECT.    ACCUSATIVE  OF  LIMIT. 

Indirect  Object:  G.  344,  345;  A.  225  and  a ;  B.  186, 
187.  I ;  H.  423,  424  and  2. 

Limit  of  Motion  :  G.  337  and  Remarks  1,  2,  4,  416.  i, 
418.  I,  2  ;  A.  153  (ad ;  in;  sub),  258  and  2,  a  ;  B.  182,  i,  a),  b), 
2,  a,  3  ;  H.  418.  i,  2,  4,  419.  i. 

HINTS. 

Translation  of  to.     When  to  implies  motion,  as  in 

The  farmer  has  gone  to  the  field, 

it  must  be  rendered  by  the  accusative  with  in  or  ad.  For 
the  rule  regarding  the  omission  of  in  or  ad,  see  the  Grammar. 
The  general  force  of  these  prepositions  may  be  gathered 
from  the  following  diagram  : 


To  as  the  sign  of  the  indirect  object  does  not  imply  mo- 
tion, and  is  rendered  by  the  dative  ;  thus. 

He  gave  afield  to  his  son,  Filio  agrum  dedit. 

*  Use  the  relative. 


WRITING    LATIN  15 

Remember 

(a)  that  the  indirect  object  is  often  found  without,  the 
preposition  to  ;  thus. 

He  gave  his  son  afield; 

(b)  that  while  in  English  the  indirect  object  is  often  made 
the  subject  of  the  passive,  in  Latin  this  is  never  possible. 
The  direct  object  of  the  active  must  be  made  the  subject 
of  the  passive  ;  and  such  a  sentence  as 

His  son  was  given  afield 
would  always  take  the  form, 

A  field  was  given  (to)  his  son,  Ager  f  ilio  datus  est. 

EXERCISE   VI. 

1.  The  general  has  given  us  our  messages.  2.  The  am- 
bassadors of  the  Gauls  have  been  given  messages,  which  they 
will  convey  to  the  chiefs  of  that  nation.  3.  Caesar  is  set- 
ting out  for  Italy  :  he  has  given  rewards  to  all  [his]  soldiers. 

4.  I  shall  go  to  Spain,  to  Egypt,  to  Athens,  [and]  to  Rome. 

5.  To  whom  shall  you  present  these  gifts  ?  6.  To  Dumno- 
rix  the  Aeduan,  who  is  going  to  Geneva.  7.  To  what  coun- 
try will  the  Helvetians  go  ?  8.  To  another  part  of  Gaul, 
where  Orgetorix  has  promised  them  homes.  9.  To  whom 
does  he  make  the  promise  (promise  this)  ?  10.  The  legions 
which  he  was  leading  home  had  been  promised  many  gifts. 
11.  Shall  you  go  to  the  country  to-morrow  ?  12.  The  three 
armies  returned  to  Rome  by  three  routes.  13.  You  have 
not  returned  our  hostages  to  us.  14.  The  ambassadors 
will  make  many  promises  (promise  many  [things])  to 
those  states  to  which  they  have  been  sent.  15.  Will  you 
come  to  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  ?  16.  Rewards  were  pre- 
sented to  the  soldiers.  17.  The  victorious  soldiers  were 
presented  with  rewards  (abl.  of  means)'  by  the  general. 
18.  This  fact  had  been  reported  to  the  Helvetians,  whose 

»  G.  348.  Rem.  i;  A.  225.  d;  B.  187.  I,  a;  IT.  426.  6. 


16  WKITIN^G    LATIK 

ambassadors  were  coming  to  us.  19.  To  whom  had  they 
reported  tliis  fact  ?  20.  They  had  conveyed  our  message  to 
the  chief,  Dumnorix. 

LESSON   VII 

DATIVE  WITH  INTRANSITIVES.  DATIVE  WITH  COMPOUNDS. 

Dative  with  Intransitives  :  G.  346  ;  A.  227  and  f ;  B. 
187.  II,  a;  H.  426.  i,  2. 

Dative  with  Compounds:  G.  347;  A.  228  and  Note  1; 
B.  187.  Ill,  I,  2 ;  H.  429. 

HINTS. 

(a)  Do  not  fall  into  the  error  of  thinking  that  all  com- 
pound verbs  take  the  dative. 

(b)  Eemember  that  other  prepositions  than  to  or  for  may 
require  the  dative  in  Latin.    Thus,  in 

Caesar  placed  Lahienus  in  command  of  the  tenth  legion, 
of  is  not  a  sign  of  the  genitive,  but  placed-in-command-of 
is  equivalent  to  the  single  word  praefecit.  The  person  who 
is  placed  in  command  is  made  the  direct  object  of  the  verb, 
that  of  which  he  is  made  commander  the  indirect  object ; 
thus, 

Caesar  Labienum  decimae  legidni  praefgeit. 

EXERCISE    VII. 

1.  I  believe  you'.  2.  We  shall  obey  our  leader.  3.  We 
shall  obey  all  [those]  who  please  us.  4.  Labienus  is-in-com- 
mand-of  the  tenth  legion.  5.  The  legion  of  which  he  is  in 
command  is  called  the  tenth.  6.  This  army  pleased  the 
Roman  generals.  7.  We  please  all  [those]  whom  we  obey. 
8.  Those  who  love  you  please  you.  9.  I  will  not  harm  those 
who  do  not  harm  me.  10.  The  consults  son  helped  those 
whom  he  loved.     11.  We  love  all  whom  we  have  helped. 


WRITIl^G    LATIN"  17 

12.  I  have  persuaded  all  the  ambassadors  of  the   Gauls. 

13.  You  will  not  persuade  those  who  do  not  believe  you. 

14.  We  serve  those  whom  we  love.  15.  Those  whom  we  have 
served  will  help  us.  16.  We  will  spare  the  brave  enemy. 
17.  Shall  I  spare  those  whom  I  have  conquered  ?  18.  He  is 
making  war  on  the  whole  Roman  people.  19.  Who  has  been 
placed-in-command-of  the  tenth  legion  ?  20.  You  will  be 
given  a  leader  who  will  help  your  cause  and  lead  you  to 
victory. 

L.ESSON   VIII 

PASSIVE  OF  INTRANSITIVE  VERBS. 

Impersonal  Use  of  Passive:  G.  208.  2,  217;  A.  230; 
B.  187.  II,  b  ;  H.  426.  3. 

HINTS. 

We  have  already  found  that  the  passive  of  I  give  (to)  you 
looks  must  always,  in  Latin,  be  looks  are  given  to  you, 
not  you  are  given  looks — libri  tibi  dantur,  not  tii  libros  daris. 

On  exactly  the  same  principle  the  passive  of  credo  tibi,  which 
means  nearly  I  give  [to)  you  lelief,  can  only  be  creditur  tibi, 
lelief  is  given  (to)  you,  and  not  crederis,  you  are  lelieved. 

In  the  passive,  other  intransitive  verbs  are  used  thus  ^'  im- 
personally "  for  the  same  reason,  even  if  we  cannot  always 
supply  an  English  paraphrase  which  makes  the  dative  seem 
natural  to  us. 

EXERCISE  VIII. 

1.  You  have  persuaded  me.  2.  I  have  been  persuaded  by 
you.  3.  The  faithful  slave  will  serve  [his]  master  well. 
4.  The  master  will  be  well  served  by  the  faithful  slave.  6. 
Caesar  demands  ^  grain  of  the  Gauls.     6.   Grain  is  demanded 

'  With  imperO  the  person  to  whom  the  order  is  issued  is  in  the  dative, 
the  thing  ordered  being  regarded  as  the  direct  object  of  the  active, 
or  the  subject  of  the  passive. 
2 


18  WRITING    LATIN" 

of  the  Gauls  by  Caesar.  7.  The  news  pleased  the  consuls. 
8.  The  consuls  were  pleased.  9.  You  do  not  please  me, 
Marcus,  but  I  will  pardon  you.  10.  I  have  been  pardoned 
by  Caesar,  my  enemy.  11.  Will  you  obey  your  general  ? 
12.  This  general  will  never  be  obeyed.  13.  I  am  persuaded 
by  those  whom  I  believe.  14.  I  am  believed  by  those  whom 
I  persuade.  15.  The  Roman  army  will  injure  those  by 
whom  Rome  is  being  injured.  16.  Labienus  has  been 
placed-in-command-of  the  whole  army.  17.  Whom  has  this 
speech  persuaded  ?  18.  Who  has  been  persuaded  by  this 
speech  ?  19.  Were  not  the  enemy  hindered  by  the  bag- 
gage ?    20.  Did  not  the  baggage  hinder  them  ? 


LESSON   IX 

DATIVE    OF    THE    OBJECT    FOR    WHICH.     DATIVE    WITH 
ADJECTIVES. 

Dative  of  the  Object  for  Which  :  G.  356;  A.  233.  a; 
B.  191.  I,  2;  H.  433.  1,2,3. 

Dative  with  Adjectives  :  G.  359  ;  A.  234.  a ;  B.  192.  i, 
2  ;  H.  434.  I,  2. 

HINTS. 

Dative  of  the  Object  for  Which  (Purpose,  Service). 

The  following  points  should  be  noted  : 

(a)  The  English  equivalent  for  this  dative  is  a  predicate 
noun,  or  an  appositive  with  as. 

(b)  The  construction  is  customary  in  Latin  only  with  a 
limited  number  of  abstract  nouns,  and  appears  to  be  in  p;irt 
an  attempt  to  avoid  asserting  that  a  concrete  noun  is  iden- 
tical with  an  abstract  noun  ;  thus. 

You  are  a  help  to  me  is  Mihi  auxilio  es ; 
but  You  are  a  friend  to  me  is  Mihi  amicus  es. 


WRITING    LATIN  19 

EXERCISE   IX. 

1.  Were  all  the  leaders  of  the  Helvetians  like  Orgetorix  ? 
2.  The  leaders  were  not  a  help  to  the  people.  3.  Arms  are 
useful  (for  a  use)  to  soldiers.  4.  The  Komans  came  (as)  aid  to 
that  tribe  on  whom  the  Belgians  were  making  war.  5.  That 
plan  which  you  have  formed  is  not  pleasing  to  me.  6.  I 
will  give  you  much  (great)  money  as  a  reward.  7.  The  lieu- 
tenant will  be  left  with  two  cohorts  as  a  protection  to 
the  camp.  8.  Was  not  the  cavalry  of  the  Gauls  a  help  to 
Caesar  ?  9.  The  Gauls  were  unlike  the  Eomans,  and  were 
not  {and  not  =  neque)  friendly  [to  them] .  10.  I  will  give  you 
two  slaves  as  a  present.  11.  Two  legions  came  as  reinforce- 
ments to  the  weary  Romans.  12.  Were  the  Germans  hostile 
to  the  Gauls  ?  13.  What  is  war  like  ?  14.  War  is  unlike 
peace.  15.  Was  not  this  place  suitable  for  a  large  camp  ? 
16.  This  general  was  faithful  to  all  soldiers  who  were  faith- 
ful to  him.  1 7.  Has  not  my  faithful  slave  been  the  great- 
est protection  to  me  ?  18.  We  are  marching  as  reinforce- 
ments to  the  tenth  legion.  19.  The  departure  of  the  Gauls 
was  like  a  flight.  20.  You  are  not  like  me ;  you  have 
always  been  a  great  hindrance  to  me. 


I.ESSON    X 

REVIEW. 

EXERCISE  X. 

The  Romans  had  come  to  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp, 
and  were  fortifying  it  (which  they  were  fortifying).  Scouts 
arrived  and  brought  them  news  about  the  enemy.  Some 
did  not  believe  them,  but  Caesar,  the  general,  was  easily 
persuaded.     Immediately  he  placed  Labienus  in  charge  of 


20  WRITING    LATIIT 

three  cohorts,  which  he  left  as  a  protection  to  the  camp. 
The  tenth  legion  he  sent  ahead  with  all  the  cavalry.  An- 
other (alter),  of  which  Considius  was  in  command,  followed 
as  a  reserve.  Caesar  himself  had  gone  with  the  soldiers  of 
the  tenth  legion,  whom  he  especially  trusted.  Soon  the 
enemy  appeared  (pass,  of  video)  to  the  Eomans.  The  tenth 
legion  attacked  them  at  once  and  killed  many  with  [their] 
spears.  They  were  assisted  by  the  cavalry,  who  were  after- 
wards given  great  praise  for  [their]  valor.  Long  and  fiercely 
raged- the-battle  (it  was  fought). ^  Little-by-little  the  Gauls 
retreated,  and  were  driven-back  to-the-foot-of  a  mountain. 
Here  they  renewed  the  battle  with  great  courage.  But  they 
were  exhausted  with  wounds,  and  so  our  [troops]  had  the 
victory.  After  this  battle,  Caesar  hastened  by  forced 
marches  to  Alesia,  which  he  besieged  with  all  his  forces. 

L.ESSON  XI 

POSSESSION. 

Possessive   Genitive  :   G.   362,    366  ;  A.  214.  i,  a,  1,  c ; 
B.  198 ;  H.  439. 

Possessive  Pronouns:    G.  362.  Remark  1,   309  and  i; 

A.  197  and  a,  196  and  g;  B.  86.  i,  2,  243.  i ;  H.  176,  439. 
Note  4,  440.  i,  Note  2,  503. 

Dative   of  Possessor:    G.    349;    A.  231  and  Remark; 

B.  190,  359.  I ;  H.  430. 

HINTS. 

Genitive  and  Dative  :  Compare  the  following  : 

(a)  The  long  spear  was  Caesar's. 

(b)  Caesar  had  a  long  spear. 
In  Latin,  (a)  would  become 

Longa  hasta  Caesaris  erat, 
»  G.  208.  2  ;  A.  146.  d  ;  B.  138.  IV  ;  H.  303.  6. 


Possessor. 

Verb. 

English. 

Subject, 

have, 

Latin. 

j  Subject, 

habere, 

WRITING    LATIN  21  — 

while  (b)  would  be    • 

Longam  hastam  Caesar  habebat, 
or    Longa  hasta  Gaesari  erat. 

The  genitive  with  esse  answers  a  question  as  to  whose  an 
object  is;  the  dative  with  esse,  a  question  as  to  what  the 
owner  possesses.     These  cannot  be  interchanged. 

The  two  equivalent  methods  of  translating  have  may  be 
graphically  represented  thus  : 

Thing  Possessed. 

object, 
object. 
( Dative,  esse,  subject. 

Possessive  Pronouns  (Adjectives).  Remember  that 
for  my,  your,  our,  the  genitives  of  ego,  tu,  etc.,  are  not  to  be 
used,  but  only  the  possessive  pronouns  mens,  tuns,  etc.,  in 
agreement  with  the  object  possessed.     Thus, 

my  horse,  meus  equus. 

our  horse,  noster  equus.  ' 

For  his,  her.  Us,  their,  use  the  possessive  pronoun  suus 
when  the  'possessor  is  the  subject  of  the  sentence.  Else- 
where use  the  possessive  genitive  of  the  pronoun  is.     Thus, 

(a)  The  lieutenant  gave  his  {own)  horse  to  the  general,  Legatus 

imperatori  suum  equum  dedit. 

(b)  The  general  accepted  Ms  (the  lieutenant^s)  present  gra- 

ciously, Donum  eius  imperator  benigne  accepit. 
Finally,  remember  that,  unless  emphatic,  the  possessive 
pronoun  is  often  omitted  in  Latin. 

EXERCISE    XI. 

In  this  exercise  make  sentences  using  both  habere  and  the  dative  of 
the  possessor  whenever  some  form  of  liave  (not  auxiliary)  is  found  in  the 
English. 

1.  The  infantry  have  shields  and  spears.  2.  These  horses 
belong  to  the  cavalry  (are  the  cavalry's).     3.  The  cavalry 


22  WRITING    LATIN 

have  good  horses.  4.  We  are  besieging  a  town  of  the  Gauls 
which  has  brave  defenders.  5.  The  Gauls  have  a  town 
which  we  are  besieging.  6.  Caesar  has  come  with  all  his 
forces.  7.  The  town  will  be  taken  by  his  forces  and  its 
defenders  slain.  8.  The  general  had  a  large  force  of  cavalry. 
9.  The  generars  forces  were  large.  10.  These  large  forces 
are  the  general^s.  11.  Whose  shouting  was  heard  by  our 
[men]  ?  12.  Our  men  had  a  great  number  of  horses.  13.  My 
brother  will  defend  the  town  with  his  [own]  ships.  14.  The 
general  armed  part  of  his  forces  with  shields  and  arrows. 

15.  What  part  of  the  general's  force  had  shields  and  arrows  ? 

16,  To-morrow  they  will  have  swords  also.  17.  The  town 
which  we  attacked  had  a  high  wall  and  a  broad  ditch. 
18.  The  city's  wall  was  high,  and  its  ditches  broad.  19.  The 
general  led  out  all  the  troops  which  he  had.  20.  His  troops 
were  led  by  Gabinius,  his  lieutenant. 

liESSON    XII 

PLACE   WHERE.     TIME   WHEN.     EXTENT   IN   SPACE   AND 

TIME. 

Place  'Where :  G.  385,  386  and  Remark  2,  388,  411  and 
Remark  1;  A.  258.  c,  1,2,  Note  1,  d,  f,  1,2;  B.  228.  i,  a), 
b),  c),  232.  I,  2;  H.  483,  484.  i,  2,  485.  2. 

Time  When  :  G.  393 ;  A.  256.  i ;  B.  230.  i,  231 ;  H.  486, 
487. 

Extent :   G.  335,  336 ;  A.  256.  2,  257 ;  B.  181.  1 ;  H.  417. 

EXERCISE    XII. 

1.  All  the  citizens  in  this  town  were  slain  in  one  day. 
2.  Three  legions  are  being  enrolled  at  Rome.  3.  At  day- 
break we  shall  set  out  for  Rome  with  all  the  soldiers  that 
we  have.    4.  We  shall  reach  home  in  a  few  hours.    6.  Within 


WRITING    LATIN  23 

the  boundaries  of  Italy  were  many  slaves.  6.  Within  three 
days,  0  Komans,  you  will   hear  the  shouts  of  the  enemy. 

7.  Shall  you  be  in-the-neighborhood-of  Corinth  many  days  ? 

8.  We  shall  leave  the  city  in  ten  days  and  come  to  Athens. 

9.  I  lived  two  years  at  Athens  and  three  months  in  other 
parts  of  Greece.  10.  Caesar^s  army  went  many  miles  that 
night.  11.  You  will  march  for  a  whole  night  toward  the 
river  Ehine.  12.  Did  you  stay  long  at  Olympia  in  the 
Peloponnese  ?  13.  We  staid  there  many  days.  14.  In 
three  days  the  army  marched  (went)  a  hundred  miles. 
15.  I  was  sick  at  Rome  three  days.  16.  The  enemy's 
camp  was  pitched  on  a  hill,  ten  miles  from  (a)  ours. 
17.  The  army  marched  two  miles,  to-the-foot-of  a  high 
mountain.  18.  At-the-foot-of  this  mountain  all  the  troops 
halted.  19.  In  all  (totus)  Greece  there  was  no  city  like 
Athens.  20.  In  these  places  we  shall  not  stay  many  hours 
(stay  not  many  hours). 


LESSON    XIII 

GENITIVE  OF  QUALITY.     ABLATIVE  OF  QUALITY.     ABLA- 
TIVE OF  RESPECT. 

Genitive  of  Quality  :  G.  365  and  Remark  ;  A.  215.  Note, 
a,  b;  B.  203.  i,  a,  2,  5 ;  H.  440.  3. 

Ablative  of  Quality :  G.  400  and  Remark  1 ;  A.  251  and 
a;  B.  224.  i,  3 ;  H.  473.  2  and  Note  2. 

Ablative  of  Respect:  G.  397;  A.  253;  B.  226; 
H.  480.  2,  3. 

HINTS. 

It  will  be  worth  while,  after  studying  the  grammar  of  this 
lesson  and  before  writing  the  exercise,  to  compare  three  ex- 
amples : 


24  WRITIKG    LATIN 

(a)  Ablative  of  Quality — 

Orgetorix  was  (a  man)   of  great  influence,  Orgetorix  magna 
auctoritate  Mt. 

(b)  Genitive  of  Quality — 

The  Germans  were  (men)  of  great  stature,  Germani  magni 
corporis  erant. 

(c)  Ablative  of  Respect — 

The  Romans  surpassed  the  enemy  in  the  numler  of  their  ships, 
Eomanl  hostis  numero  navium  superabant. 

With  regard  to  the  ablative  of  respect,  it  will  be  noticed 
that  English  in  is  to  be  rendered  by  Latm  in  only  when 
it  denotes  position"  ;  not  when  it  denotes  time,  nor  when  it 
means  in  respect  to  or  with  regard  to. 

EXERCISE    XIII. 

1.  In  Italy  are  mountains  of  great  height.  2.  Do  the 
mountains   of  Italy  surpass    [those]    of  Greece  in  height  ? 

3.  The   Rhine   and   the   Rhone  are   not    of    equal  length. 

4.  Iccius  was  distinguished  for  his  bravery.  5.  Iccius,  a  man 
of  great  bravery,  was-in-command-of  the  town  at  that  time. 
6.  The  Helvetians  were  unlike  the  Germans  in  language 
and  laws.  7.  The  Romans  excelled  other  nations  in  justice. 
8.  He  was  first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  first  in  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen.  9.  The  leader  who  has  been  placed-in-command- 
of  the  army  is  [a  man]  of  the  utmost  prudence  and  courage. 

10.  The  Helvetians  surpassed  the   other  Gauls  in  bravery. 

11.  Was  Caesar  equal  to  Alexander  in  [personal]  influence  ? 

12.  Was  Alexander  of  equal  [personal]  influence  with  (cum) 
Caesar  ?  13.  These  mountains  were  of  equal  height.  14.  A 
leader  of  this  sort  is  not  always  successful.  15.  The  books 
are  equal  in  length,  unequal  in  thickness.  16.  These  books 
are  of  equal  length,  but  unequal  thickness.     17.  In  kind- 


WRITIN^G    LATIN  26 

ness  and  justice  he  was  first  of  all.  18.  The  allies  of  the 
Latin  name  were  a  help  to  the  Romans  in  the  war  which 
they  (illi)  waged  with  the  Etruscans.  19.  Cato  was  noble 
in  his  life.     20.  Cato  was  [a  man]  of  noble  life. 


LESSON    XIV 

COMPARISON. 

Comparative  :  G.  296.  Remark  1,  (a),  (b),  297.  2  ;  A. 
247  and  a,  93.  a  ;  B.  217.  i,  2,  240.  i  ;  H.  471  and  i,  498. 

Measure  of  Difference :  Gr.  403 ;  A.  250 ;  B.  223  ;  H. 
479.  I,  2,  3. 

Superlative :  G.  303 ;  A.  93.  b,  193 ;  B.  240.  2,  3 ;  H. 
498,  159.  2. 

HINTS. 

In  writing  the  following  exercise,  it  will  be  well  to  ex- 
press comparisons  both  with  and  without  quam,  wherever 
that  is  possible.  Of  course  quam  must  always  be  used  when 
the  first  of  the  words  compared  is  in  any  other  case  than 
nominative  or  accusative.  Thus,  if  we  should  try  to  translate, 
without  using  quam,  The  farmer's  horse  is  larger  than  the 
physician's,  we  should  have  Agricolae  equus  maior  est  medico ; 
that  is,  The  farmer's  horse  is  larger  than  the  physician  ! 

We  must  write,  therefore,  Agricolae  equus  maior  est  quam 
medici. 

EXERCISE    XIV. 

1.  The  Helvetians  were  much  braver  than  the  rest  of 
the  Gauls.  2.  The  Rhone  is  very  deep,  and  swifter  than 
the  Rhine.  3.  Between  the  Sequani  and  Helvetians  is  a 
very  high  mountain,  which  is  called  Jura.  4.  The  allies 
whom  Caesar  had  were  rather  brave.  5.  The  route  through 
the  [country  of]  the  Sequani  was  narrower  and  much  more 


26  WRITING    LATIN 

difficult  than  the  way  through  our  province.  6.  Was  not  the 
former  route  many  miles  shorter  than  the  latter  ?  7.  The 
latter  was  far  the  easier,  and  not  (neque)  many  miles  longer 
than  the  other.  8.  Caesar's  soldiers  were  not  braver  than 
[those]  of  Ariovistus.  9.  But  the  latter's  soldiers  were  less 
skilful  than  Caesar's.  10.  I  persuaded  the  Gauls  more  easily 
than  [I  did]  the  Germans.  11.  The  former  were  very  easily 
persuaded  by  the  speech  of  their  chief.  12.  This  speech 
was  very  eloquent,  but  too  long.  13.  Which  (uter,  i.e.  which 
of  the  two)  is  the  braver,  Caesar  or  (an)  Pompey  ?  14.  Cae- 
sar [is]  not  braver  than  Pompey,  but  he  is  much  shrewder. 

15.  Which  of  your   friends  is  the  dearest  to  you,  Cassius  ? 

16.  Balbus  is  a  dear  friend,  but  Caius  is  much  dearer  than 
Balbns,  and  Marcus  is  far  the  dearest  of  all.  17.  We  shall 
reach  the  Eliine  very  easily.  18.  For  three  hours  we  ad- 
vanced through  the  forest,  much  more  easily  than  on  the 
previous  day.  19.  The  Germans  were  a  little  braver  than 
the  Gauls.  20.  To-day  we  shall  march  five  miles  farther 
than  yesterday. 

LESSON  XV 

REVIEW. 

EXERCISE   XV. 

At  daybreak  Caesar's  troops  reached  a  town  which  the 
Belgians  were  besieging.  This  was  eight  miles  distant  from 
the  Romans'  camp.  Its  defenders  had-been-holding-out  with 
difficulty  for  many  days,  and  were  now  fighting  much  less 
bravely.  A  certain  Gaul,  Iccius  by  name,  [a  man]  of  the 
highest  influence  and  nobility  among  the  Remi,  was-in- 
command-of  the  town.  By  him  (rel.  pron.)  a  messenger 
was  sent  to  Caesar,  who   asked  for  [his]  support.     Caesar 


WRITING    LATm  27 

was  easily  persuaded,  and  came  to  the  town  with  those  troops 
which  he  then  had.  By  chance  he  had  with  him  the  tenth 
legion,  which  surpassed  the  other  legions  in  bravery. 

Meanwhile  the  enemy  hastened  towards  Caesar's  camp,  in 
which  a  few  [men]  had  been  left  as  defenders,  and  pitched 
their  own  camp  less  than  ten  miles  from  the  Romans.  This 
(which)  camp  was  of  enormous  size,  for  it  extended  more 
than  eight  miles  in  breadth  (ace).  In  a  few  days  a-battle- 
was-fought  (impers.  pass,  of  ptigno) ;  and  the  Belgians, 
although  (quamquam)  they  surpass  all  the  other  Gauls  in 
courage,  were  beaten  by  the  Romans.  Next  day  they  left 
camp. 

LESSON    XVI 

PARTITIVE  GENITIVE. 

Partitive  Genitive:  G.  367,  368,  369  and  Remark  1, 
370  and  Remark  2,  371  and  Remarks  1,  2,  372  and  Remark  2  ; 
A.  216.  a,  1,  2,  3,  4,  c,  d,  e  ;  B.  201.  i,  a,  b,  2,  a,  b  ;  H.  440. 
5,  441,  442.  2,4,443,  444.  i. 

Alius  and  Alter:  G.  319;  A.  203,  a,  b,  c ;  B.  253.  i,  2, 
3  ;  H.  516  and  i. 

HINTS. 

Partitive  Genitive.  In  general  this  construction,  from 
its  similarity  to  English,  offers  few  difficulties.  It  will,  how- 
ever, be  necessary  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  grammar, 
in  order  to  discover  and  memorize  certain  words  which  are 
followed  by  a  genitive  in  Latin  contrary  to  the  English  usage, 
such  as 

nihil  bonl,  no  good, 
and  the  like. 

With  regard  to  numerals,  it  will  be  best  to  use  the  ablative 
with  ex  or  de  after  tinns,  duo,  and  tres,  even  though  the 
grammar  allows  the  genitive. 


28  WRITIJS^G    LATIN 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  plural  of  mille  is  followed 
by  the  partitive  genitive  in  Latin,  although  no  hint  of  a 
genitive  is  given  by  the  form  of  the  English.     Thus, 

a  thousand  soldiers  is  mille  milites, 

but  two  thousand  soldiers  is  duo  mllia  mllitum  (literally,  two 
thousands  of  soldiers), 

EXERCISE    XVI. 

1.  A  third  part  of  Gaul  was  inhabited  by  a  people  of  great 
bravery.  2.  What  plan  was  formed  by  those  who  were 
present  ?  3.  What  good  is  there  in  such  a  plan  ?  4.  A  man 
of  such  integrity  does  not  please  all  of  the  citizens.  6.  One 
of  the  soldiers  was  wounded  in  one  hand  by  a  spear.  6.  Both 
Caesar  and  Pompey  were  slain  by  assassins ;  the  one  at 
Rome,  the  other  in  Egypt.  7.  The  assassins  had  (in  the 
assassins  was)  too  much  courage,  too  little  wisdom.  8.  This 
is  the  tomb  of  a  man  who  had  enough  pride,  [but]  not 
enough  wisdom.  9.  Which  of  you  will  fight  with  one  of 
us  ?  10.  Ten  of  us  will  slay  all  of  you  with  our  hands  alone. 
11.  Titurius  was  left  with  three  of  the  cohorts  as  a  protec- 
tion to  that  part  of  the  river  where  (qua)  the  rest-of  the 
army  was  crossing.  12.  A  few  of  the  swiftest  escaped  by 
a  gate  which  had  been  abandoned  (left)  by  the  defenders. 
13.  Shall  all  of  us  be  slain  by  so  few  of  the  enemy?  14.  About 
the  third  watch  of  the  night  some  of  the  soldiers  left  the 
camp,  one  of  whom  never  returned.  15.  Shall  you  return 
all  of  my  books  to-day  ?  16,  Certain  of  the  enemy,  on  whose 
horses  was  a  great  weight  of  silver,  were  awaiting  them  near 
the  gates.  17.  Stones  of  great  weight  were  thrown  from  the 
walls  by  some  of  the  defenders  ;  others  shot  arrows  and  jave- 
lins. 18.  One  of  us  will  go  in  (into)  one  direction,  the  other 
in  another.    19.  Some  fled  in  one  direction,  others  in  another. 


WRITING    LATIN  29 

20.  More  grain;  who  of  us?  less  eloquence;  more  justice; 
some  good ;  too  much  arrogance ;  more  courage ;  more  sol- 
diers ;  some  men. 

LESSON   XVII 

GENITIVE  WITH  ADJECTIVES  AND  VERBS. 

Genitive  with  Adjectives  :  G.  374  ;  A.  218.  a ;  B.  204; 
H.  450,  451.  I,  2. 

Genitive  with  Verbs :  G.  376,  377,  378  ;  A.  219  and  b, 
220,  221.  a,  b;  B.  205,  206.  i,  a,  b,  2,  a,  208.  i,  2,  a,  b,  209. 
I,  2 ;  H.  454.  I,  455,  456,  457. 

Questions  with  Num :  G.  456  ;  A.  210.  c ;  B.  162.  2,  b ; 
H.  378. 

HINTS. 

Genitive  with  Adjectives.  Notice  that  where  English 
says  skilled  in,  sharer  in,  the  Latin  has  skilled  of,  sharer 
OF.  This  genitive  is  not  partitive ;  a  sharer  is  not  part  of 
that  which  he  shares,  nor  a  skilful  person  of  that  with  which 
his  skill  is  concerned. 

Genitive  with  Verbs,  (a)  The  perfect  of  memini  has 
the  force  of  a  present,  the  pluperfect  of  a  perfect,  the  future 
perfect  of  a  simple  future. 

(b)  Sentences  containing  the  impersonals  paenitet,  pudet, 
etc.,  may  be  written  according  to  the  following  models  : 

I  repent  of  this y  )    tt--         .  -4.4. 

..  .-^         'j.      >    Hums  me  paenitet 

=  it  repents  me  of  this,    ) 

The  soldiers  were  ashamed  of  their  \ 

cowardice  =  it  shamed  the  sol-   y  Milites  ignaviae  pudebat. 

diers  of  their  coivardice,  ) 

The  use  of  num.  The  statement  of  the  grammars  that 
"num  expects  the  answer  'no^'"  may  be  made  practical  as 
follows  : 

(a)  Num  should  be  used  in  questions  of  the  general  form : 
You  didnH  do  this,  {did  you)?    Num  hoc  fecisti? 


30  WEITING    LATIN 

(b)  Num  may  be  used  as  the  sign  of  interrogation  in  any 
questions  whose  form  or  context  implies  that  the  questioner 
feels  sure  that  his  question  is  absurd  or  unnecessary  in  view 
of  the  facts — such  a  question  as 

Do  men  gather  grapes  of  tJiorns  ?     Num  colligunt  de  spinis 

uvas  ? 

Num  often  suggests  irony,  anger,  or  excitement  on  the 
part  of  the  questioner. 

Num,  like  -ne  and  nonne,  is  naturally  omitted  when  the 
sentence  is  introduced  by  another  interrogative  word,  as 
quis,  ubi,  cur,  etc. 

Study  the  following  sentences  : 

/  accused  Mm  of  parricide :  did  he  shudder  9  was  he 

disturbed  f 

Parricidae  eum  acciisavi  :   num  horruit  ?   num  est  commotus? 

Evidently  the  prisoner  was  calm — either  innocent  or  stolid. 
If  we  change,  now,  the  question  to 

Horruitne  ?  estne  commotus  ? 

we  feel  that  the  speaker  is  not  sure  of  the  prisoner's  bearing 
under  the  cross-examination,  and  wishes  to  have  the  testi- 
mony of  spectators.     Lastly,  if  we  write 

Nonne  horruit  ?  nonne  est  commotus  ? 

it  is  clear  that  the  speaker  believes  that  the  man  did  shudder 
and  show  agitation,  and  that  he  wishes  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  the  court  to  this  evident  fact. 


EXERCISE    XVII. 

1.  Many   of   the   Homan   generals    were   skilled   in   war. 

2.  They  did  not  forget  the  laws  of  their  country,  did  they  ? 

3.  They  are  eager  for  the  praise  which  the  citizens  will  give 
them.     4.  The  consuls  will  not  forget  the  people,  but  the 


WKITING    LATIK  31 

people  often  forget  (sing.)  those  who  serve  them  (sibi). 
5.  Did  the  sharers  in  this  conspiracy  remember  their  oath  ? 
(i.  The  things  which  I  remember  are  fewer  than  those  which  I 
forget.  7.  At  Rome  the  senate-house  was  full  of  angry  men. 
8.  The  2")eople  forgot  all  that  the  consul  had  said.  9.  They 
did  not  forget  the  slaughter  which  the  conspirators  had 
planned,  did  they  ?  10.  We  remember  the  praise  with  which 
the  victors  were  extolled  at  that  time.  11.  Now,  however,  we 
repent  of  all  that  praise  (all  that  =  so-great).  12.  Catiline 
was  accused  of  many  crimes  by  Cicero,  but  he  was  not 
ashamed  of  his  [misdeeds]  (of  which  he  was  not  ashamed). 
13.  Do  those  who  never  saw  Cicero  remember  him  ?  14.  To 
Cicero,  who  was  very  anxious  for  praise,  great  honor  was 
given.  15.  He  was  delighted  with  the  honor,  and  he  will  not 
forget  your  kindness.  16.  You  did  not  remember  my  words, 
did  you  ?  17.  I  shall  never  forget  the  things  that  you  have 
said.  18.  Do  you  not  repent  of  your  faults  ?  19.  Are  you 
not  ashamed  of  all  the  crimes  of  which  you  are  accused  ? 
20.  Are  you  ashamed  of  your  many  great  (many  and  great) 
kindnesses  ? 

LESSON  xvni 

SEPARATION.     SOURCE.     MATERIAL.     REVIEW  OF  PLACE 
CONSTRUCTIONS. 

Place  Whence,  Separation  :  G.  390.  i,  2,  3,  Remark, 
391  and  Remark  1 ;  A.  243.  a,  b,  d,  258.  i,  2,  a,  and  Note 
1 ;  B.  214.  I,  a,  b,  c,  d,  2,  3,  229.  i,  a,  b,  2 ;  H.  462.  i,  2, 
3,  4,  463,  464.  I,  2,  465.  i. 

Origin  (Source  and  Material) :  G.  395,  396 ;  A.  244.  i, 
2,  a,  c,  e ;  B.  215.  i,  218.  4;  H.  467,  469.  i,  2,  470.  i. 

Review  the  references  for  the  Accusative  of  Limit  (Lesson 
VI) ;  Place  Where,  and  Accusative  of  Extent  (Lesson  XII). 


32  WRITING    LATIK 


HINTS. 

Of;  From.  Remember  that  when  of  denotes  separation, 
the  ablative  and  not  the  genitive  must  be  used.     Thus, 

He  20 as  robbed  of  all  Ms  money,  Omni  pecunia  spoiiatus  est. 
Remember  also   that  from  often  denotes  cause.      See  sen- 
tence 3  of  the  following  exercise. 

Prepositions.  In  addition  to  the  general  directions  to 
be  found  in  the  grammars,  the  vocabulary  will  afford  some 
help  as  to  the  use  or  omission  of  ab,  de,  ex  with  the  words 
denoting  separation,  etc.  The  accompanying  diagram  will 
suggest  the  primary  meanings  of  these  prepositions.  For 
complete  information  consult  a  Latin  dictionary. 


1^^ 


Compare  the  diagram  in  Lesson  VI. 

EXERCISE    XVIII. 

1.  A  great  army  has  set  out  from  Italy  for  Gaul.  2.  We 
returned  from  Capua  to  Rome.  3.  The  horsemen  fled  from 
us  from  fear  of  our  attack.  4.  The  walls  of  this  town  have 
been  stripped  of  all  the  defenders.  5.  By  your  words  you 
free  me  from  all  my  fear.  6.  I  shall  neither  withdraw  from 
the  city  nor  desist  from  my  attempt.  7.  The  cavalry  halted 
not  far  from  our  line-of -battle.  8.  Where  have  you  come 
from  (where  from  =  whence)  ?  From  Corinth,  which  is 
many  miles  distant  from  Rome.  9.  The  Helvetians  were 
keeping-off  the  Germans  from  their  territories.  10.  From 
whom  are  the  Belgians  descended  ?  11.  Will  you  not  defend 
me  from  my  enemies  ?  12.  You  are  now  free  from  fear  and 
danger.    13.  You  have  not  been  deprived  of  life  and  liberty. 


WKITING    LATIN^  33 

14.  All  who  lack  money  will  be  presented  with  gifts  by  the 
king.  15.  He  will  give  all  of  us  what  (the  things  which) 
we  lack.  16.  The  spears  were  made  of  iron.  17.  They  had 
shields  made  of  skins  and  swords  of  bronze.  18.  I  came 
home  from  the  country  yesterday  ;  I  shall  remain  in  Eome 
three  days.  19.  What  were  the  statues  made  of,  which  you 
saw  at  Rome  ?  20.  Cicero  departed  from  home  by  ship  and 
set  out  for  Athens. 

L.ESSON  xrx 

OPUS  AND   USUS.     DIGNUS  AND  INDIGNUS.     ABLATIVE 
WITH  DEPONENTS,    INFINITIVE. 

Ablative  with  Opus  and  tjsus :  G.  406;  A.  243.  e  and 
Remark  ;  B.  218.  2,  a,  b  ;  H.  477.  Ill  and  Note. 

Ablative  with  Dlgnus  and  In^lgnus:  G.  397.  Remark 
2  ;  A.  245.  a,  1  ;  B.  226.  2  ;  H.  481. 

Ablative  with  Deponents :  G.  407 ;  A.  249  ;  B.  218.  i  ; 
H.  477.  1. 

Infinitive  as  Object  (Complementary) :  G.  423.  i,  2 ; 
A.  271  and  Note ;  B.  328.  i,  2  ;  H.  607.  1,  2. 

HINTS. 

Infinitive.  The  uses  of  the  Latin  infinitive  are  much 
fewer  than  those  of  the  English  infinitive.  Mark  very 
sharply  those  cases — like  the  one  found  in  this  lesson — 
where  the  infinitive  in  English  can  be  rendered  by  the  infini- 
tive in  Latin.  Subsequently  your  attention  will  be  called  to 
instances  where  the  Latin  requires  some  other  construction. 
This  will  generally  be  the  case  when  the  English  infinitive 
has  the  construction  of  an  adjective,  as 

A  charge  to  keep  I  have  (limits  charge), 

or  an  adverb,  as 

I  come  to  bury  Caesar  (modifies  come), 
3 


34  •  WRITING    LATIN 

Noun  constructions  of  the  infinitive  will  generally  corre- 
spond in  the  two  languages,  although  there  are  important 
exceptions. 

Do  not  forget  that  in  English  to  is  not  essential  to  the 
infinitive  after  certain  auxiliaries  ;  thus, 

/  could  not  bear  it  —  I  was  not  alle  to  hear  it. 


EXERCISE    XIX. 

1.  I  need  your  help  ;  you  need  mine.  2.  Cicero  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  Atticus  for  many  years.  3.  We  shall  help 
all  who  are  worthy  of  our  help.  4.  Did  the  Helvetians  gain 
the  sovereignty  of  all  Gaul  ?  5.  They  wished  to  become- 
masters-of  the  country  which  extends  from  the  river  Ehine 
to  the  ocean.  6.  I  shall  use  what  (that  which)  I  have  ;  I 
have  no  need  of  (do  not  heed)  the  help  of  others.  7.  Can- 
not you  use  all  the  legions  in  this  war  which  you  are  waging  ? 

8.  Did  you  use  the  supply  of  grain  which  we  brought  you  ? 

9.  Those  who  were  [men]  of  absolute  power  in  a  state  which 
had  formerly  enjoyed  freedom,  were  called  tyrants  by  the 
Greeks.  10.  Did  all  of  those  whom  the  Greeks  called  tyrants 
deserve  the  name  ?  11.  I  will  bring  you  within  three  days 
everything  (all  things)  that  you  need.  12.  The  hill  which 
we  took-possession-of  in  our  last  battle  (abl.  of  means)  is  not 
suitable  for  a  camp.  13.  Those  who  do  not  believe  your 
words  are  unworthy  of  your  friendship.  14.  I  wish  to 
believe  you,  Marcus,  but  I  cannot  forget  your  former  acts. 
15.  Whom  shall  we  employ  [as]  leader  ?  16.  Do  you  wish 
to  employ  Miltiades,  the  Athenian  ?  17.  The  enemy  did  not 
cease  throwing  (to  throw)  stones.  18.  We  tried  to  escape, 
but  we  could  not  evade  the  sentinels.  19.  Do  you  need  to 
send  scouts  to-day?  20.  The  enemy  used  boats,  with  which 
they  attempted  to  cross  the  river. 


WRITING    LATIN  35 

LESSON  XX 

REVIEW. 

EXERCISE    XX. 

At  daybreak  ambassadors  came  to  Caesar  from  the  town 
which  he  was  besieging.  With  many  tears  they  begged-for 
peace.  Caesar  demanded  from  them  a  hundred  of  their 
chief -men  as  hostages.  From  the-  camp  they  returned  to  the 
town,  and  reported  to  the  nobles  the  terms  which  they  had 
been  offered.  Next  day  they  came  to  the  Roman  general  and 
spoke  as  follows  (said  these  things)  : 

"  We  cannot  refuse  the  terms  which  you  have  offered  us. 
You  have  laid-waste  our  fields  ;  our  walls  have  been  stripped 
of  their  defenders  by  the  arrows  of  your  soldiers.  Some  of 
the  survivors  (those  who  survive)  are  sick ;  others  are  ex- 
hausted with  wounds.  We  have  not  forgotten  our  old-time 
courage,  but  we  are  less  skilled  in  war  than  the  Romans. 
We  remember  the  mildness  which  you  have  displayed  towards 
(in)  the  other  states  which  have  surrendered  (themselves). 
We  are  not  ashamed  to  accept  (infinitive)  your  terms,  for 
we  lack  both  food  and  clothing.  We  need  your  help  ;  we 
know  your  justice.  Therefore  we  surrender  ourselves  and 
all  our  possessions  to  you." 

LESSON   XXI 

SENTENCES  OF  DESIGN  AND  TENDENCY. 

Final  Sentences  (Clauses  of  Purpose) :  G.  545.  i,  2,  3, 
546.  I,  2,  630  ;  A.  317.  i,  2,  3,  331.  a,  e  ;  B.  282.  i,  d,  2,  295. 
I,  a,  2,  4,  5,  a  ;  H.  568.  2,  6,  564.  I,  II,  III,  565.  3,  590. 

Subjunctive  after  Verbs  of  Fearing:  G.  550.  i,  2  ;  A. 
331.  f ;  B.  296.  2,  a;  H.  567.  i,  2. 


3G  WRITING    LATIN 

Consecutive  Sentences  (Clauses  of  Result)  :  G.  552. 
I,  2,  553.  I,  3,  4  ;  A.  319.  i,  3,  a,  332.  a,  1,  2,  3  ;  B.  284. 
I,  297.  I,  2  ;  H.  570,  571.  i,  2,  3. 

Sequence  of  Tenses:  G.  509.  i,  510,  512,  513;  A.  285. 
I,  2,  286,  287.  b ;  B.  267.  i,  2,  3,  268.  i,  6  ;  H.  542,  543,  550.. 

HINTS. 

The  Subjunctive.  In  studying  the  subjunctive,  notice  that 
sentences  which  employ  this  mood  in  Latin  fall  naturally 
into  two  classes  :  (a)  those  in  which  the  translation  of  the 
Latin  subjunctive  requires  some  auxiliary  verb  or  special 
idiom  in  the  English,  and  (b)  those  in  which  the  form  of  the 
English  does  not  of  itself  indicate  that  the  subjunctive  is 
required  in  Latin. 

To  (a)  belong  final  sentences,  both  pure  and  complemen- 
tary; thus, 

(Pure.) 

(  that  they  might  conquer  \ 
The  soldiers  fought  <   in  order  to  conquer  \  the  enemy,, 

(   to  conquer  ) 

Mllites  piignaverunt  ut  hostis  superarent. 
(Complementary. ) 
The  general  urged  the  soldiers  to  conquer  (Latin,  that  they 
should  conquer)  the  enemy, 
Imperator  milites  hortatus  est  ut  hostis  superarent. 
To  (b)  belong  most  consecutive  sentences  ;  as, 
The  soldiers  fought  so  bravely  that  they  conquered  the  enemy, 
Milites  tam  fortiter  pugnav6runt  ut  hostis  superaverint. 
Final  sentences.    Here  is  a  case  where  the  English  infinitive 
must  not  be  rendered  by  the  Latin  infinitive.     The  old  dog- 
gerel is  easily  remembered  : 

'*  With  ash,  command,  advise,  and  strive, 
By  ut  translate  the  infinitive  ; 
But  not  so  after  iubeo,  nor 
Veto,  nor  the  verb  Conor.'' 


WRITIKG    LATIN  37 

Sequence  of  Tenses.  We  are  familiar  with  this  in  English. 
For  instance,  we  say 

/  hope  that  I  may  see  you, 
but  /  hoped  that  I  might  see  you. 

It  is  easiest  to  master  the  restrictions  which  Latin  places 
on  the  use  of  the  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  by  observing  how 
they  are  used  in  each  construction.     Thus  : 

Final  sentences  use  only  two  tenses — present  and  imperfect. 

Consecutive  use  three  commonly — present,  imperfect,  and 
perfect — the  last  of  these  without  regard  to  the  usual  law 
that  it  must  follow  only  principal  tenses. 

Sentences  after  verbs  of  fearing  use  all  four. 

Further  treatment  of  this  subject  will  be  found  under  the 
lesson  on  Indirect  Questions. 

EXERCISE   XXI. 

1.  The  general  will  send  scouts  to  select  a  suitable  place 
for  a  camp.  2.  The  enemy  had  sent  cavalry  to  await  our 
attack.  3.  Our  [men]  fought  so  bravely  that  in  a  short 
time  the  enemy  all  fled.  4.  I  advise  you  to  be  brave  and 
faithful.  5.  The  ambassadors  asked  Caesar  to  pardon  their 
countrymen.  6.  I  fear  that  many  have  been  wounded. 
7.  Are  you  afraid  that  we  shajl  not  obey  you  ?  8.  Caesar 
was  afraid  that  the  Helvetians  would  march  through  the 
Roman  province.  9.  He  commands  the  tenth  legion  neither 
to  advance  nor  to  retreat  (write  the  sentence  both  with 
iubeo  and  with  impero).  10.  Can't  you  persuade  these  men 
to  go-away  from  Rome  ?  11.  Cicero  could  not  persuade  all 
the  sharers  in  the  conspiracy  to  leave  the  city.  12.  That 
his  soldiers  might  obey  him,  the  leader  promised  them  much 
(great)  money.  13.  I  wish  to  go  to  him,  but  I  fear  that  he 
may  not  receive  me.  14.  We  are  afraid  that  you  will  go  ; 
we  do  not  wish  you  to  go.     15.  They  used  boats  in  order  to 


38  WRITING    LATIK 

cross  (with  which  they  might  cross)  the  river.  16.  It 
happened   that   no   one   was   in   command   of  this   cohort. 

17.  I  will  return  so  quickly  that   you  cannot  forget  me. 

18.  The  deserter  ran  quickly  in  order  to  escape.  19.  He 
ran  so  quickly  that  he  escaped  [from]  those  who  were 
pursuing  him.  20.  I  am  afraid  that  I  cannot  go  to  Jlome 
this  year. 

LESSON   XXII 

INDIRECT  QUESTIONS.     ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE. 

Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Questions  :  G.  461,  467  and 
Eemark  2;  A.  334  with  Headnote  and  a;  B.  300.  i,  a, 
Note  b  ;  H.  649.  II,  i,  2,  651.  i. 

Sequence  of  Tenses,  Continued  :  G.  511,  514.  Review 
references  under  Lesson  XXI  for  the  other  grammars. 

Accusative  and  Infinitive:  G.  527,  530  (526,  529  in 
the  larger  grammar),  531 ;  A.  336.  i,  2,  a,  i,  336  A ;  B.  270. 
I,  a),  b),  c),  317.  a :  H.  617,  618,  619,  641,  642. 

HINTS. 

Indirect  Questions.  Here,  as  in  consecutive  sentences, 
English  usually  employs  no  auxiliary,  such  as  should  or 
might,  to  correspond  with  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  which 
is  necessary  in  turning  indirect  questions  into  Latin.  Some- 
times these  clauses  are  confounded  with  relative  clauses. 
Kemember  that  indirect  questions  (a)  must  be  introduced  by 
some  interrogative  word,  and  (b)  are  substantive  clauses, 
being  either  the  subject  or  the  object  of  some  verb  of  the 
class  described  in  the  grammar  (rarely  appositive).     Thus, 

Subject  :   What  you  did  \  was  seen, 
Quid  facer es     |  visum  est. 

Object  •     We  saw  \  what  you  did. 
Vidimus  |  quid  faceres. 


WRITING    LATIN"  39 

Accusative  and  Infinitive.  Eecast  on  the  following 
plan  all  sentences  introduced  by  that  after  verbs  of  declar- 
ing, etc. — the  same  sort  of  verbs  as  those  which  may  be 
followed  by  the  indirect  question. 

He  said  that  he  would  come  =  He  said  himself  to  le  about  to 
come,  Dixit  s6  venturum  (esse). 

Keep  dixit  se  venturum  in  your  mind  as  an  antidote  against 
the  common  mistake  of  beginning  such  sentences  dixit  ut. 
Remember  that  dixit  se  venturum  means  that  A  said  that  he 
(himself)  would  come  ;  dixit  eum  venturum,  that  A  said  that 
he  (some  one  else)  would  come. 

Tenses  of  the  Infinitive,  (a)  Remember  that  shall  and 
will,  should  and  would,  are  the  usual  signs  of  the  future 
infinitive,  as  in  the  above  example,  (b)  In  a  sentence  of 
the  form 

He  said  that  he  was  coming, 

remember  that  this  regularly  indicates  that  the  person 
concerned  said 

''  I  am  coming," 

using  the  present  tense.  Now,  as  the  tense  of  the  infinitive 
always  coincides  in  time  with  the  tense  used  by  the  speaker 
when  he  spoke,  and  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the 
tense  of  the  verb  which  introduces  the  quotation,  we  must 
write  this  with  the  present  infinitive  ;  thus. 

Dixit  s6  venire. 


EXERCISE  xxn. 

1.  I  know  whom  you  saw.  2.  I  know  that  you  saw  my 
sister.  3.  We  heard  what  you  were  saying.  4.  The  man 
whom  you  saw  said  that  he  would  help  us.  5.  Did  you  not 
know  what  he  had  said  to  me  ?    6.  He  believes  that  you 


40  WRITING    LATIN 

are  his  friend.  7.  Will  you  not  ask  him  what  his  brother's 
name  is  ?  8.  The  general  thinks  that  his  soldiers  will  not 
obey  him ;  he  fears  that  they  will  run-away  (=  flee). 
9.  I  asked  the  men  why  they  were  tired.  10.  They  replied 
that  they  lacked  food,  and  had  not  (and  not  =  neque)  slept 
for  two  nights  (abl.  because  following  a  negative).  11.  I  will 
tell  you  what  I  think  of  (de)  your  new  plan.  12.  I  think 
that  it  is  neither  good  nor  wise.  13.  I  came  to  tell  you  why 
I  was  angry  with  you  (dat.).  14.  I  came  to  tell  you  that  I 
was  angry  with  your  brother.  15.  Labienus  asked  Caesar 
what  town  he  was  going  to  attack.  16.  The  general  told  him 
that  he  was  going  to  attack  a  strongly-fortified  town  of  the 
Gauls.  17.  Did  you  ask  me  why  I  had  not  come  to  see 
you?    18.  I  knew  that  you  had  often  gone  to  see  my  brother. 

19.  Did  you   not   know   that  I   heard   your   cruel   words  ? 

20.  I  will  ask  him  why  he  was  afraid  that  the  army  would 
not  advance. 


LESSON  XXIII 

GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE.     SUPINE. 

Infinitive  as  Subject :  G.  422 ;  A.  270 ;  B.  327.  1  ; 
H.  615. 

Gerund  :  G.  425,  426  ;  A.  295 ;  B.  338.  i,  3,  4,  5  ; 
H.  624. 

Gerundive  :  G.  427  and  Remarks  4  and  5,  428  and  Re- 
mark 2,  430,  431,  432,  433  ;  A.  296.  Note  and  Remark,  298 
and  c,  300,  301  ;  B.  339.  i,  2,  3,  4  ;  H.  623  and  1,  625,  626. 
I,  2,  628,  629,  630,  631. 

Agreement  of  Adjectives :  G.  20.  Ill,  422  ;  A.  29.  c  ; 
B.  15.  3  ;  H.  70. 

Supine  in  -tum :  G.  435  ;  A.  302 ;  B.  340.  i,  a  ;  H.  633. 


WRITING     LATIN  41 


HINTS. 

Verbals  in  -ing.  Distinguish  between  the  English  presv 
ent  participle,  which  is  an  adjective,  and  the  gerund  or  '^in- 
finitive in  -ing/'  which  is  a  noun.     Thus, 

Participle  :  a  flying  bird,  volans  avis. 
Gerund  :  the  power  of  flying,  potestas  volandl. 

Infinitive  as  Subject.  The  infinitive  is  used  in  Latin 
instead  of  the  gerund  as  the  subject  of  a  verb;  thus, 

English.  Latin. 

To  toalk  is  easy,       ) 
=  (It)  is  easy  to  walk,  \  Facile  est  ambulare. 
=  Walking  is  easy,       ) 

Gerund  and  Gerundive.  It  will  save  confusion  and  pre- 
vent mistakes  to  remember  that  the  gerundive  is  usually 
preferred  to  the  gerund  wherever  the  verb  is  transitive  and 
its  object  is  expressed,  and  always  after  a  preposition. 

EXERCISE  XXIII. 

The  student  now  has  at  his  command  five  ways  of  expressing  purpose 
(final  sentences) : 

1.  Subjunctive  with  ut  and  nS. 

2.  Subjunctive  with  a  relative. 

3.  Ad  followed  by  accusative  of  gerundive  or  (if  intransitive)  gerund. 

4.  Genitive  of  gerundive  or  gerund  followed  by  causa  or  gratia,  for  the 

sake  of,  on  account  of. 

5.  Supine  in  -turn  after  verbs  of  motion. 

The  following  exercise  is  shorter  than  the  others,  because  it  is  intended 
that  every  final  sentence  shall  be  written  in  as  many  of  these  five  ways 
as  possible.  With  regard  to  the  second  one,  this  should  not  be  used  un- 
less the  form  "who  should,"  etc.,  is  at  least  intelligible  in  English. 

1.  Is  it  hard  to  pardon  an  enemy  ?  2.  We  had  no  oppor- 
tunity of  evading  the  sentinels.  3.  Reinforcements  will  be 
sent  to  save  the  lives  of  the  citizens.     4.  Ambassadors  came 


43  WRITING    LATIN 

to  offer  terms  of  peace.  5.  Seeing  is  believing.  6.  By  lay- 
ing-waste the  fields  the  army  had  deprived  the  citizens  of 
food.  7.  I  shall  use  the  power  which  you  have  given  me  for 
(ad)  preserving  the  lives  of  my  fellow-citizens.  8.  The  camp 
was  being  fortified  so  as  to  resist  (for  resisting)  all  attacks. 
9.  The  desire  of  seeing  my  friends  is  very  great.  10.  We 
are  all  weary  with  waiting.  11.  Orgetorix  had  the  hope  of 
becoming  master  of  all  Gaul.  12.  To  err  is  human  ;  to  for- 
give, divine.  13.  I  am  not  ashamed  to  pardon  you,  but  I 
have  no  hope  of  forgetting  your  faults.  14.  Forgetting  is 
not  a  crime,  but  it  is  a  very  great  defect.  16.  Caesar  was 
very  skilful  in  conducting  wars. 


LESSON  xxrv 

NECESSITY.     OBLIGATION.     PROPRIETY. 

Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation :  G.  251.  i,  2 ;  A. 
113.  d,  1,  129,  230 ;  B.  115,  187.  II,  b  ;  H.  621.  i,  2. 

Dative  of  the  Agent :  G.  355  and  Remark  ;  A.  232  and 
Note ;  B.  189.  i,  a  ;  H.  431  and  i  with  the  Footnote. 

HINTS. 

Must.  This  is  generally  expressed  by  the  use  of  the 
passive  periphrastic  conjugation.  The  English  sentence 
must  be  recast  in  the  passive  form  ;  thus, 

English.  Latin. 

I  must  do  this y  )    -rr-    i-    •     ^         ^     ••L• 

^,  .    .    ,    ,     ,       ,  \   Hoc  faciendum  est  mini. 

=  This  IS  to-oe-aone  oy  me,    ) 

This  would  also  be  the  translation  for 

I  have  to  do  this. 

Notice  that  when  the  verb  is  transitive,  the  gerundive 
agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  passive,  as  faciendum  with  hoc, 


WRITING    LATIN  43 

above.  When  intransitive,  the  neuter  singular  is  used  (im- 
personal construction). 

Ought.    This   is    expressed   in   two   ways  :    (a)  by  debeo 
and  the  present  infinitive  ;  thus, 

Tou  ought  to  go  away,  Abire  debes, 

and  (b)  by  the  impersonal  oportet,  it  hehooves,  is  proper. 
When  this  verb  is  used,  the  thing  one  ought  to  do  is  put  in 
the  present  infinitive  with  the  person  as  subject-accusative, 
when  the  above  sentence  would  read, 

T6  ablre  oportet, 

te  abire  being  the  subject  of  oportet;  or  in  the  subjunctive 
of  a  consecutive  sentence,  but  without  ut ;  thus, 

Abeas  oportet. 

May.     When  this  word  denotes  permission,  or  freedom  to 
perform  an  act,  as  in 

May  I  go  with  you  9 

it  may  be  rendered  by  the  impersonal  licet,  it  is  allowed,  in 
the  same  constructions  as  oportet,  or  with  the  dative  and 
infinitive.     Thus  the  above  sentence  can  be  translated  ; 

1.  Licetne  me  tecum  ire? 

2.  Licetne  tecum  eam? 

3.  Licetne  mihi  tecum  ire? 

Past  Tenses.    /  ought  to  have  done  this 

is  Hoc  me  facere  oportuit, 

or  Hoc  facere  debui, 

(not  Hoc  fecisse  debeo,  etc.). 

The    same    principle    is    followed   with    other  verbs   of 
necessity,  obligation,  and  propriety. 


44  WRITING    LATIN 


EXERCISE   XXIV. 

1.  The  citizens  must  be  freed  from  danger.  2.  Ought  we 
not  to  pursue  the  deserters  ?  3.  You  may  follow  them  for 
ten  miles  with  the  cavalry  of  which  you  are  in  command. 
4.  Must  we  wait-for  the  leader  who  has  been  placed  in 
command  of  our  legion  ?  5.  You  ought  to  do  what  you 
can.     6.   I  have  to  do  everything  which  the  others  can't  [do]. 

7.  You  must  leave  the  city,  you  may  stay  here  no-longer. 

8.  My  friends  ought  to  have  helped  me.  9.  Could  you  not 
have  returned  from  Rome  sooner  ?  10.  The  Gauls  will 
have  to  fight  with  the  Romans.  11.  What  reply  ought  we 
to  make   (what   ought  we   to  reply)  to  the   ambassadors  ? 

12.  You  must  reply  that  you  cannot  accept  their  terms. 

13.  We  who  survive  must  save  the  state.  14.  May  I  not 
do  what  I  have  been  commanded  to  do  ?  15.  Soldiers  ought 
to  be  brave  and  faithful.  16.  They  must  not  flee  from  the 
attacks  of  the  enemy.  17.  You  ought  not  to  fear  danger  ; 
you  must  be  brave.  18.  We  ought  not  to  have  laid  waste 
the  fields  of  the  Remi.  19.  I  ought  to  gain-(my)-request. 
20.  Men  do  not  do  what  they  wish  ;  they  do  what  they  can. 


LESSON  XXV 

COMMANDS.    EXHORTATIONS.    PROHIBITIONS. 

Imperative  :  G.  266,  267,  268.  i,  2  ;  A.  269.  c,  d,  1,  2,  3, 
e,  f ;  B.  281.  i,  a),  b)  ;  H.  560.  2,  4. 

Hortatory  and  Jussive  Subjunctive  (Optative)  : 
G.  263.  3  ;  A.  266.  Remark,  a,  b  ;  B.  274,  275.  i  ;  H.  559. 
I,  2. 

Prohibitions :  G.  271.  2,  263.  2,  (b),  3,  275  ;  A.  269.  i,  2, 
3,  b  ;  B.  281.  2,  276.  a,  b,  c ;  H.  561.  i. 


WRITING    LATIK  45 


HINTS. 


Remember  not  to  use  the  imperative  mood  for  prohibi- 
tions. For  expressing  these,  noli  and  nolite  with  the  infini- 
tive will  be  the  most  useful  method. 

There  will  be  practically  no  occasion  to  use  the  future 
imperative  except  in  the  case  of  certain  verbs  like  memini, 
which  lack  the  present  form. 


EXERCISE  XXV. 

1.  Accept  my  gifts,  Marcus ;  don't  refuse  them.  2.  Let 
the  enemy  cross  the  river  by  the  bridge  which  they  have 
built  (made).  3.  Do  not  ask  me  to  help  you  ;  go  away. 
4.  Let  the  ambassadors  meet  at  (in  with  ace.)  the  place 
which  the  king  has  appointed.  5.  Do  not  compel  me  to 
send  this  unfortunate  man  away.  6.  Soldiers !  be  brave  ;  do 
not  forget  your  wives  and  children.  7.  Surrender  yourselves 
and  all  your  possessions  to  me.  8.  Remember  me ;  do  not 
forget  my  words.  9.  Let  us  not  be  angry  ;  let  us  seek  peace. 
10.  Let  the  ambassadors  who  have  come  to  seek  peace  be 
received  with  respect.     11.  Don't  run,  Caius  ;  wait  for  us. 

12.  Follow  me,  friends ;  don't  let  the  shouting  alarm  you. 

13.  Let  us  try  to  take  the  town,  that  we  may  receive  our 
general's  praise.  14.  Let  all  the  senate  come-together  before 
(ad)  me  and  hear  what  I  say.  15.  Tell  me  why  you  did  not 
come  sooner  ;  don't  say  that  you  didn't  receive  my  messages. 
16.  Remain  at  Rome  ;  do  not  leave  the  city.  17.  The  man 
(is)  who  runs  (f ut.  perf . )  away  shall  be  called  a  traitor  and  a 
coward.  18.  Know  that  I  will  not  endure  this.  19.  Let  us 
persuade  the  Helvetians  to  go  out  from  their  boundaries. 
20.  Do  not  go  out  of  the  country ;  defend  your  cities  and 
towns. 


46  WRITING    LATIN 

LESSON  XXVI 

REVIEW. 

Caesar  had  to  do  many  things  at  one  time.  He  saw  that 
the  enemy  were  going  to  attack,  but  he  feared  that  the 
cavalry  of  the  Gauls,  which  he  had  stationed  as  a  reinforce- 
ment to  the  Roman  infantry,  would  run  away.  Therefore 
he  encouraged  the  soldiers  with  these  words  :  ''  Soldiers," 
said  he,  "  brave  men  ought  never  to  fear  the  enemy's  attack. 
Do  you  not  remember  who  is  your  leader,  and  that  the 
safety  of  your  wives  and  children  is  in  your  hands  ?  Fortify 
the  camp  so  [strongly]  that  the  enemy  cannot  enter ;  let 
two  cohorts  remain  as  a  protection  to  the  baggage,  and  the 
others  shoot  arrows  from  the  walls.  Romans  !  let  not  the 
Gauls  see  that  you  are  afraid.  Gauls  !  do  not  appear  to 
desert  the  Roman  people,  which  has  called  you  friends.'' 
Then  he  sent  scouts  to  see  why  the  enemy  did  not  attack, 
[and]  meanwhile  drew  up  the  line-of-battle  in  front  of  the 
camp. 


EXERCISES  BASED  ON  CAESAR 

These  exercises  are  closely  related  to  the  lessons  which  precede  them. 
It  is  suggested  that  as  soon  as  each  lesson  is  finished,  the  Caesar  exer- 
cise corresponding  be  assigned  as  review  work;  either  simultaneously 
with  the  next  regular  lesson,  or  as  a  separate  lesson.  In  these  exercises 
a  somewhat  greater  variety  of  construction  has  been  found  desirable 
than  in  the  earlier  lessons,  in  order  to  emphasize  the  grammatical  struc- 
ture of  the  chapters  of  Caesar  on  which  they  are  based.  It  is  expected 
that  the  vocabulary  will  be  found  in  the  text  of  Caesar,  except  where 
special  reference  is  made  to  the  general  vocabulary. 


I. 

See  Lesson  I. — Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  i. 

1.  Did  the  Belgians  inhabit  Gaul  ?  2.  Gaul  was  inhab- 
ited by  Belgians,  Aquitanians,  [and]  Celts.  3.  The  lan- 
guages and  the  laws  of  these  differed  from  one  another. 
4.  The  rest  of  the  Gauls  were  surpassed  by  the  Helvetians 
in  many  respects  (rfis).  5.  In  what  direction  does  the  river 
Rhone  extend  ?  6.  How  many  (quot)  rivers  were  [there] 
in  Gaul  ?  7.  What  river  divided  the  Aqaitanians  from  the 
Gauls  ?  8.  One  part  was  occupied  by  the  Belgians.  9.  The 
Germans  are  nearest  to  these.  10.  Where  (ubi)  is  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Seine  ? 

II. 

See  Lesson  II. — Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  2. 

1.  The  boundaries  of  the  Helvetians  are  narrow.  2.  They 
did  not  wander  widely.  3.  A  great  conspiracy  had  been 
formed  by  the  nobility.  4.  All  the  forces  of  the  Helvetians 
will  have  gone  out  from  their  borders.     5.  The  length  of 


48  WRITING    LATIN" 

their  boundaries  was  not  great.  6.  To  what  width  did  they 
extend  ?  7.  Great  is  the  courage  of  the  nobility,  great  their 
dissatisfaction,  great  their  desire  for  (of)  kingly  power. 
8.  The  rivers  of  Gaul  were  deep  and  broad.  9.  Mount 
Jura,  the  river  Rhine,  the  lake  [of]  Geneva,  [and]  the  river 
Rhone  hemmed  in  the  Helvetians.  10.  Was  the  length  of 
the  rivers  Rhine  and  Rhone  very  great  ? 


III. 

See  Lesson  III.— Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  3. 

1.  Orgetorix,  whom  they  had  chosen,  swayed  them  by  his 
influence.  2.  An  embassy  was  undertaken  by  him  to  those 
states  which  were  nearest.  3.  Whose  daughter  will  be  given 
in  marriage  to  Dumnorix  ?  4.  To  whom  has  Orgetorix  given 
his  daughter  in  marriage  ?  5.  To  him  who  is  the  most 
powerful  of  4;he  Aeduans.  6.  The  senate  had  called  the 
father  of  Casticus  '^  friend. ^^  7.  We  have  established  peace 
by  an  oath  and  a  pledge.  8.  The  leadership  of  the  Sequani 
had  been  held  by  the  father  of  Casticus.  9.  By  whom  will 
these  things  be  accomplished  ?  10.  The  departure  which 
they  have  determined  to  make  will  be  confirmed  by  law. 

IV. 

See  Lesson  IV. — Caesar,  B.  O.  T,  4. 

1.  According  to  his  custom  Caesar  will  appoint  a  day. 
2.  Orgetorix  was  led  to  trial  with  all  his  clan.  3.  I  rescued 
myself  through  my  retainers  and  debtors.  4.  Were  you 
compelled  to  report  the  matter  to  the  magistrates  ?  5.  A 
multitude  of  men  will  be  gathered  from  all  sides.  6.  The 
state  will  enforce  its  right  by-the-agency-of  a  multitude  of 


WRITING    LATIN  49 

men.  7.  A  day  was  appointed  by  the  Helvetians.  8.  On 
the  appointed  day  we  shall  plead  our  case  in  chains.  9.  This 
matter  had  roused  the  state  to  arms.  10.  They  have  led 
10,000  men  to  the  same  place. 


V. 

See  Lesson  VI. — Caesar,  B.  O.  I,  5. 

1.  The  Helvetians  have  decided  to  burn  their  towns. 
2.  They  will  set  out  for  Noreia.  3.  We  shall  cross  the 
Rhine  with  the  Boii.  4.  Are  you  prepared  for  a  return 
home  ?  5.  Will  you  attach  us  to  you  as  allies  ?  6.  After 
three  months  we  shall  set  out  from  home  for  the  territory 
of  the  Norici.  7.  To  whom  was  all  this  grain  given  (see 
Vocab. )  ?  8.  By  whom  has  Noreia  been  besieged  ?  9.  We 
are  all  ready  for  a  return  home.  10.  All  hope  of  return  to 
our  towns  and  villages  will  have  been  taken  away. 

VI. 

See  Lesson  VIL — Caesar,  B.  O.  I,  6. 

1.  We  have  persuaded  the  Allobroges,  who  are  nearest 
to  the  Helvetians.  2.  The  way  to  the  farthest  town  of  the 
Allobroges  is  narrow  and  difficult.  3.  One  at  a  time  they 
crossed  the  Rhone  by  a  ford.  4.  You  cannot  persuade  the 
Roman  people  by  force.  5.  Who  has  subdued  the  Allo- 
broges ?  6.  On  what  day  will  everything  be  prepared  for 
departure  ?  7.  They  compelled  us  to  allow  them  to  pass 
through  their  territory.  8.  By  what  route  shall  you  go 
from  home  ?  9.  By  that  route  which  is  nearest  to  the  bank 
of  the  Rhone.  10.  Those  who  have  been  subdued  by  the 
Roman  people  cannot  restrain  the  Helvetians. 
4 


60  WRITING    LATIN 

VII. 
See  Lesson  VIII. — Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  7. 
1.  Caesar  will  demand  soldiers  from  Gaul.  2.  Soldiers 
will  be  demanded  from  the  whole  province.  3.  The  Hel- 
vetians will  send  ambassadors  to  Caesar,  who  will  report 
this  [fact]  to  him.  4.  The  men  will  not  be  given  the  oppor- 
tunity which  they  have  requested.  5.  He  reached  farther 
Gaul  and  cut  down  the  bridge  which  was  before  the  town 
[of]  Geneva.  6.  Who  will  inform  them  of  Caesar's  arrival  ? 
7.  The  ambassadors  who  were  sent  to  Caesar  were  the  noblest 
of  the  state.  8.  Do  you  not  intend  to  do  this  [thing]  ? 
9.  We  will  refrain  from  all  mischief.  10.  I  shall  take  time 
to  think  [it]  over  ;  come  back  on  the  first  of  April. 

VIII. 

See  Lesson  IX. — Caesar,  B.  Q.  I,  8. 

r.  Soldiers  are  coming  together  as  a  help  (see  Vocab.)  to 
those  who  are  in  the  fort.  2.  The  soldiers  whom  he  has 
with  him  have  built  a  wall,  sixteen  feet  in  h'eight,  from  the 
mountain  to  the  lake.  3.  You  are  not  able  to  finish  this 
work.  4.  I  will  not  grant  anyone  a  passage  through  this 
territory.  5.  I  will  stop  those  who  use  force.  6.  By  day 
and  by  night  the  Helvetians  were  returning  from  the  river. 
7.  Into  what  river  does  the  Lake  of  Geneva  empty  ?  8.  The 
soldiers  have  driven  them  back  with  missiles.  9.  We  cannot 
stop  the  soldiers  who  are  fortifying  the  strongholds.  10.  The 
Helvetians  are  separated  from  the  Sequani  by  Mount  Jura. 

IX. 

See  Lesson  XI. — Caesar,  B.  O.  I,  9. 
1.  You  will  neither  (see  Vocab.)  persuade  the  Sequani, 
nor   gain   your   request   from   them.      2.    Orgetorix  has   a 


WRITING    LATIN"  51 

daughter  whom  Dumnorix  will  marry.  3.  Dumnorix,  who 
desires  a  revolution,  has  married  the  daughter  of  a  Helve- 
tian. 4.  The  matter  was  undertaken  by  Dumnorix  the 
Aeduan.  5.  Who  has  most  influence  among  the  Helvetians? 
6.  The  ambassadors  who  were  sent  obtained  their  request 
from  the  state.  7.  As  many  hostages  as  possible  will  be 
sent.  8.  We  wish  to  bind  by  kindness  those  who  desire  a 
revolution.  9.  The  Helvetians  will  have  many  hostages. 
10.  Will  he  persuade  the  states  by  bribery  ? 

X. 

See  Lesson  XII. — Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  lo. 

1.  In  those  days  there  were  warlike  men  in  Gaul.  2.  I 
myself  will  hurry  into  Italy  by  forced  marches.  3.  On  the 
seventh  day  we  shall  be  outside  the  province.  4.  What 
legions  were  in  Aquileia  ?  5.  The  Centrones  were  on  higher 
ground,  which  they  had  seized.  6.  Labienus  was  placed 
in  command  of  three  legions.  7.  Caesar  intends  to  enrol 
two  legions  in  Italy.  8.  We  shall  try  to  reach  the  Rhone 
in  three  days.  9.  I  had  been  two  days  in  farther  Gaul. 
10.  Those  who  were  attempting  to  check  the  army  were  re- 
pulsed in  five  battles. 

XL 

See  Lesson  XIII. — Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  ii. 

1.  I  will  defend  the  Aeduans  from  the  Helvetians.  2.  The 
Helvetians  are  [men]  of  great  courage  (see  Vocab.).  3.  Do 
they  surpass  (see  Vocab.)  the  Roman  people  in  courage  ? 
4.  We  have  devastated  the  fields  of  the  Allobroges.  5.  Our 
children  ought  not  to  be  led  off  to  slavery  almost  in  your 
sight.  6.  The  Helvetians  have  come  into  our  fields  and  are 
taking  our  towns.     7.  Caesar  was  informed  of  (de)  this  by 


52  WRITING    LATIN" 

the  same  ambassadors.  8.  We  cannot  keep  their  violent 
attack  from  our  towns.  9.  He  has  nothing  left  except  his 
children.  10.  I  shall  not  wait  until  they  lead  (pres.  subj.) 
their  forces  across  the  Rhone. 

XII. 

See  Lesson  XIV. — Caesar,  B.  O.  I,  12. 

1.  The  part  which  he  cut  to  pieces  was  greater  than  that 
which  took  to  flight.  2.  The  slowness  with  which  the  Sa6ne 
flows  is  beyond  belief.  3.  The  Helvetians  have  led  part  of 
their  forces  across  the  river.  4.  The  remaining  part' has 
not  yet  crossed  the  river.  5.  The  part  which  they  have 
led  across  is  much  (see  Vocab.)  greater  than  that  which  is 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Saone.  6.  The  Helvetians  had 
called  the  canton  Tigurinus.  7.  Caesar  will  avenge  the 
disaster  which  you  have  brought  on  the  Roman  people. 
8.  You  shall  pay  the  penalty  for  (of)  the  injury  which  you 
have  wrought.  9.  We  shall  attack  the  rest  [when]  off  their 
guard.  10.  Are  not  the  immortal  gods  avenging  the  wrongs 
of  the  Romans  ? 

XIII. 

See  Lesson  XVL— Caesar,  B.  G.  I,  13. 

1.  One  of  the  Helvetians  will  be  sent  to  him  as  an  ambas- 
sador. 2.  Twenty  of  them  had  engaged  in  battle.  3.  The 
rest  of  the  forces  will  not  make  peace  with  the  Roman  people. 
4.  Some  of  them  were  building  bridges  ;  others  were  crossing 
the  river.  5.  We  shall  unexpectedly  attack  those  who  are 
building  the  bridge  by  which  the  river  is  crossed.  6.  Some 
will  go  in  one  direction,  others  in  another.  7.  Where  does 
Caesar  wish  this  canton  to  be  ?  8.  Aid  cannot  be  brought 
by  Divico,  the  leader,  to  those  who  are  crossing  the  river. 


WRITING    LATIN  53 

9.  Our  fathers  contended  by  valor,  not  by  deceit.  10.  Shall 
this  place  where  we  stand  (perf.  of  cOnsisto)  take  its  name 
from  a  massacre  ? 

XIV. 

See  Lesson  XVII. — Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  i. 

1.  All  the  Belgians  are  conspiring  against  the  Roman 
people.  2.  The  Gauls  were  not  ashamed  (see  Vocab.)  of  their 
fickleness  of  mind.  3.  Are  those  who  have  seized  the  royal 
power  (pi.)  skilled  (see  Vocab.)  in  war  ?  4.  Our  army  has 
not  subdued  all  Gaul.  5.  Some  are  making  overtures  to 
those  Gauls  who  desire  new  forms  of  government.  6.  Caesar 
will  lead  our  army  against  those  by  whom  overtures  have 
been  made  to  the  Germans.  7.  The  more  influential  men  in 
Gaul  easily  attained  this  end  (res).  8.  You  are  not  ashamed 
of  our  army,  are  you  ?  9.  Caesar  was  informed  of  this  by 
frequent  reports.     10.  Are  you  willing  to  hire  soldiers  ? 

XV. 

See  Lesson  XVIII.— Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  2  and  3. 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  summer  I  led  the  new  legions  from 
Gaul.  2.  What  was  going  on  in  the  interior  [of]  Gaul  ? 
3.  We  are  disturbed  by  the  news  which  comes  from  the 
Germans  who  are  in  Gaul.  4.  The  Belgians  have  unex- 
pectedly conspired  against  the  Roman  people.  5.  They 
gave  letters  to  the  hostages  who  were  sent  to  those  that  live 
on  this  side  of  the  Rhine.  6.  Not  even  the  Remi  will  agree 
with  the  rest  of  the  Belgians.  7.  They  intrusted  themselves 
and  all  their  [goods]  to  the  protection  of  the  Germans. 
8.  I  will  assist  you  with  grain  and  inform  you  about  the 
power  of  the  Belgians.  9.  We  use  the  same  laws  as  (which) 
the  Suessiones.  10.  Shall  you  be  disturbed  by  the  letters 
which  he  has  sent  ? 


54  WRITING    LATIN" 

XVI. 

See  Lesson  XIX. — Caesar,  B.  O.  II,  4. 

1.  The  Belgians  are,  for  the  most  part,  descended  from 
the  Germans.  2.  What  we  have  done  is  worth  remembering 
(worthy  of  memory).  3.  Diviciacus  needed  a  hundred 
thousand  armed  [men].  4.  We  shall  enjoy  the  fertile  fields 
of  our  neighbors.  5.  Is  Galba  worthy  of  the  power  which 
he  holds  ?  6.  He  is  [a  man]  of  the  highest  (summus)  justice 
and  wisdom.  7.  The  fields  which  you  possess  are  wide  and 
very  fertile.  8.  In  ancient  times  the  Belgians  settled  in 
Gaul  because  of  the  fertility  of  that  region.  9.  Do  you  lay 
claim  to  the  supreme  command  of  this  war  ?  10.  The  Teu- 
tons will  not  pass  within  our  boundaries. 

XVII. 

See  Lesson  XXI.— Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  5. 

1.  I  shall  urge  the  senate  to  meet  in  my  presence. 
2.  Caesar  kept  the  bands  of  the  enemy  apart,  so  as  not  to 
fight  with  all  at  one  time.  3.  He  commanded  the  Aeduans  to 
lay  waste  the  fields  of  the  Bellovaci.  4.  They  have  gathered 
all  their  forces  into  one  place  in  order  to  fortify  the  camp. 
5.  The  camp  was  so  (see  Vocab.)  protected  by  the  river  on 
one  side  that  it  was  safe  from  the  enemy  on  that  side.  6.  The 
Kemi  can  bring  supplies  to  him  without  risk.  7.  They  made 
it  possible  for  supplies  to  be  brought  from  the  rest  of  the 
states.  8.  I  will  make  it  possible  for  you  to  lead  the  army 
across.  9.  The  scouts  who  have  been  sent  can  see  our  camp. 
10.  Our  camp  could  not  be  seen  by  the  scouts  whom  they 
had  sent. 


WRITING    LATIN  65 

XVIII. 

See  Lesson  XXII.— Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  6  and  7. 

1.  The  Belgians  have  placed  a  large  body  of  men  about 
the  town.  2.  The  messengers  said  that  the  Belgians  had 
placed  a  large  body  of  men  about  the  walls.  3.  Tell  me 
why  (see  Vocab.)  they  have  placed  these  men  about  the 
camp.  4.  The  walls  are  being  stripped  of  defenders.  5.  The 
guides  saw  that  the  walls  were  being  stripped  of  defenders. 

6.  The  guide  sees  that  the  walls  are  being  stripped  of  de- 
fenders. 7.  The  guide  sees  what  walls  are  being  stripped  of 
defenders.  8.  We  saw  how  (ut)  the  same  walls  were  being 
— had  been — stripped  of  defenders.  9.  Archers  and  slingers 
will  be  sent  as  reinforcements  to  the  townsmen  who  are  be- 
sieged in  Bibrax.  10.  Caesar's  camp  was  pitched  less  than 
eight  miles  from  the  town  whose  defenders  were  being  at- 
tacked by  bowmen  and  slingers. 

XIX. 

See  Lesson  XXIII.— Caesar,  B.  Q.  II,  8. 

1.  The  place  was  not  suitable  for  fighting.  2.  There  was 
no  opportunity  (see  Vocab.)  of  extending  the  trenches. 
3.  By  surrounding  the  enemy  we  shall  learn  (see  Vocab.) 
what  their  courage  amounts  to.  4.  Caesar  returned  to  the 
camp  to  draw  up  the  line-of -battle.  5.  The  legions  in  camp 
need  reinforcements.     6.  It  is  best  to  refrain  from  battle. 

7.  The  enemy  learned  what  the  courage  of  our  men 
amounted  to.  8.  The  hill  where  they  had  pitched  their 
camp  is  convenient  for  drawing  up  the  legions.  9.  Did 
Caesar  need  the  legions  which  he  had  last  enrolled  ? 
10.  This  is  a  suitable  place  for  stationing  the  artillery. 


56  WRITING    LATIN 

XX. 

See  Lesson  XXIV. — Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  9  and  10. 

1.  Arms  must  be  prepared.  2.  You  ought  to  attack  the 
enemy  [when  they  are]  encumbered  with  baggage.  3.  May 
we  begin  to  cross  (make  a  beginning  of  crossing)?  4.  Cae- 
sar^s  forces  had  to  cross  a  medium-sized  swamp.  5.  We 
must  lead  the  slingers  and  bowmen  across  the  bridge.  6.  The 
cavalry  ought  to  surround  the  first  [men]  whom  the  enemy 
lead  (fut.  perf.)  across.  7.  The  enemy  saw  that  they  must 
cross  the  river.  8.  You  may  call  a  council.  9.  May  each 
one  return  home  ?  10.  I  cannot  persuade  our  men  to  ad- 
vance into  an  unfavorable  position. 

XXI. 

See  Lesson  XXV. — Caesar,  B.  G.  II,  11. 

1.  Go  out  from  the  camp  ;  do  not  go  out ;  let  us  go  out ; 
let  them  go  out.  2.  I  don^t  understand  why  you  are  going 
away.  3.  At  daybreak  let  us  hasten  to  reach  home.  4.  Send 
the  cavalry  ahead  during  the  second  watch.  5.  Do  not 
place  Labienus  in  command  of  the  cavalry  which  is  hinder- 
ing the  enemy's  rear-guard.  6.  Let  three  legions  follow  the 
rear.  7.  Let  us  make  a  stand  and  resist  the  attack  of  the 
cavalry.  8.  Don't  be  disturbed  by  the  cries  of  the  fugitives 
(pres.  part.).  9.  Let  us  follow  the  fugitives  for  many  miles. 
10.  We  can  follow  them  without  danger. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  SENTENCES 


Each  group  of  sentences  should  be  written  after  doing  the  lesson 
bearing  the  corresponding  number.  An  illustration  of  the  method  to  be 
followed  will  be  found  under  the  first  sentence.  Both  English  and 
Latin  should  be  written. 


[1.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  Present  Progressive 
and  a  Direct  Object,  using  the  words  speech;  make. 

Orationem  habet, 

He  is  making  a  speech.  ] 

2.  Construct  a  sentence  containing  a  Future  Passive  and 
an  Ablative  of  Agent,  using  the  words  Caesar;  river;  cross. 

3.  Construct  an  interrogative  sentence  containing  a  Present 
Emphatic  and  a  Direct  Object,  using  the  words  river  ;  cross  ; 
cavalry. 

11. 

1.  Pluperfect ;  Appositive.^ 

Labienus;  enter  ;  camp  ;  lieiitenant. 

2.  Perfect  Passive ;  Ablative  of  Agent ;  Predicate  Noun. 

Call;  Helvetians ;  enemies;  Romans* 

3.  Future  Perfect ;  Appositive  ;  Predicate  Noun. 

Cicero  ;  orator  ;  consul ;  appoint. 

^  In  this  and  subsequent  exercises  the  words,  "Construct  a  sentence," 
etc.,  are  omitted. 


58  WRITING    LATIN 

III. 

1.  Accusative  of  Relative. 

Speech  ;  he  ;  good  ;  hear  ;  which, 

2.  Ablative  of  means. 

Soldiers;  spears ;  many ;  kill. 

3.  Genitive  of  Relative  ;  Ablative  of  Cause. 

Roman;  those;  he;  soldiers;  who;  general;  courage; 
praise. 

IV. 

1.  Ablative  of  Attendance. 

Ambassadors  ;  messages  ;  come. 

2.  Ablative  of  Manner. 

Fear  ;  great ;  camp;  enter  ;  enemy. 

3.  Ablative  of  Means  ;  Ablative  of  Attendance. 

Soldier  ;  enemy  ;  spear  ;  slay  ;  who  ;  fight. 

VI. 

1.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object. 

Praise;  soldier;  give;  general. 

2.  Accusative  of  Limit. 

Gaul ;  army  ;  Caesar  ;  set-out. 

3.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object ;  Accusative  of  Limit. 

Camp;  return  ;  where;  brave  soldiers  ;  rewards  ;  general; 
give. 

VII. 

1.  Dative  with  Intransitives. 

Helvetians  ;  Orgetorix  ;  obey. 

2.  Dative  with  Compounds. 

Legion;  be-in-command  ;  lieutenant ;  tenth. 

3.  Three  Datives. 

Soldiers  ;  persuade  ;  and ;  those;  pardon  ;  who  ;  Gauls  ; 
money  ;  give. 


WRITING    LATIN  69 

VIII. 

Impersonal  Passives. 

1.  Lahienus;  Caesar ;  obey, 

2.  Friend  ;  enemy  ;  pardon, 

3.  Believe  ;  you  ;  Dumnorix, 

IX. 

1.  Dative  of  the  Object  For  Which. 

Rome  ;  army  ;  protection  ;  remain. 

2.  Dative  with  Adjectives. 

Suitable;  bridge;  be;  river ;  across  (in). 

3.  Dative  of  the  Object  For  Which  ;  Dative  with  Adjectives. 

Soldiers  ;  faithful ;  general ;  help  ;  country. 

XI. 

1.  Possessive  Genitive. 

Throne;  seize;  tribe;  chief. 

2.  Dative  of  Possessor. 

Have;  states;  chiefs. 

3.  Possessive  Pronouns. 

Brother  ;  father  ;  my  ;  is  ;  your. 

4.  Suiis  and  eius. 

Father;  son;  his;  slave;  in-return-for  (pro  with  abl.); 
help;  give;  his. 

XII. 

1.  Ablative  of  Place. 

Celts;  home ;  Gaul;  be. 

2.  Ablative  of  Time. 

All;  day;  set-out;  third;  men. 

3.  Accusative  of  Extent ;  Locative. 

Rome  ;  year  ;  stay  ;  two  ;  army. 


60  WRITING    LATIN 

XIII. 

1.  Ablative  of  Quality. 

Integrity;  great  j  Cato  ;  le  j  man. 

2.  Genitive  of  Quality. 

Length  j  equal ;  walls  ;  two  ;  be, 

3.  Ablative  of  Respect. 

Length  ;  equal  j  walls  ;  two  j  he, 

XIV. 

1.  Comparison  with  quam. 

Mountains ;  hills ;  higher;  he;  than, 

2.  Comparison  without  quam. 

Mountains  ;  Mils  ;  higher  ;  he  ;  than. 

3.  Ablative  of  Measure  of  Difference. 

Mountain  ;  this  ;  two  miles  ;  hill ;  higher  ;  that ;  than  ; 
he. 

XVI. 

Partitive  Genitive. 

1.  Some;  enemy  ;  ships ;  hoats ;  came;  in;  others, 

2.  Too  much ;  courage;  not;  have;  Remi. 

3.  Wisdom ;  advice;  your ;  he;  in;  enough;  not, 

XVII. 

1.  Genitive  with  Adjectives. 

Shilled;  Romans;  war;  he. 

2.  Genitive  with  Verbs. 

Statues  ;  Rome  ;  which  ;  rememher  ;  see, 

3.  Genitive  with  Verbs. 

Words;  repent;  say  ;  many  ;  which, 

XVIII. 

1.  Ablative  of  the  Place  Whence. 

Rome  ;  set  out ;  army  ;  Greece  ;  for. 


WRITING    LATIN  61 

2.  Ablative  of  Separation. 

Danger  ;  Athens  ;  army  ;  free  ;  Roman. 

3.  Ablative  of  Origin. 

Be  descended  ;  you  ;  who  9 

XIX. 

1.  Ablative  with  utor. 

Stones;  weapons;  use;  as;  slaves. 

2.  Ablative  with  potior. 

Camp;  gain  possession  of;  short  time;  soldiers. 

3.  Ablative  with  opus. 

Money;  7ieed;  help;  war;  in  ;  as. 

XXI. 

1.  Subjunctive  of  Purpose  (Pure). 

Home;  depart;  Egypt;  conquer;  general. 

2.  Subjunctive  of  Purpose  (Substantive  Clause). 

Enemy;  advise;  town;  their;  surrender. 

3.  Subjunctive  of  Result. 

8o;  cruel;  fear;  be;  Orgetorix;  him;  all;  that, 

4.  Subjunctive  after  Verbs  of  Fearing. 

Fear;  army;  conquer;  not;  but;  flee. 

XXII. 

1.  Accusative  and  Infinitive. 

Say;  Orgetorix;  conspiracy;  form;  that. 

2.  Indirect  Question. 

Why;  know;  speech;  maJce;  general. 

3.  Accusative  and  Infinitive  ;  Indirect  Question. 

Hear;  to  Athens  ;  come  ;  you;  not  know;  Rome;  leave; 


62  WBITIKG    LATIN 

XXIII. 

1.  Gerundive:  accusative. 

Accomplish;  for;  three;  enough;  plan;  days;  be;  this. 

2.  Gerundive:   genitive. 

Danger;  citizens;  great;  alarm;  be. 

3.  Infinitive  as  subject. 

You;  good;  see;  be; friend. 

4.  Supine  in  -turn. 

Aid;  seek;  come;  ambassadors. 

XXIV. 

1.  Obligation. 

Hear  ;  speech;  must ;  general;  soldiers. 

2.  Propriety. 

Ought;  home  /  to-morrow;  return. 

3.  Permission. 

Province;  Helvetians;  not;  march;  through;  Roman; 


4.  Possibility. 

Town  ;  take;  can;  soldiers;  not, 

XXV. 

1.   Command. 

City;  from  ;  withdraw;  soldiers. 

3.  Prohibition. 

Conspiracy;  form;  not. 
3.  Exhortation. 

City;  defend;  love;  which. 


VOCABULARY 


able,  be,  possum,  posse,  potui, 
about,  de,  with  abl. 
absolute,  perpetuus,  -a,  -um. 
accept,  accipio,  -ere,  -cepT,  -cep- 

tus. 
accomplish,  c5nfici5,  -ere,  -feci, 

-fectus. 
account,  on of,  propter,  with 

ace. 

accuse,  accuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
across,  trans,  with  ace. 
act,  factum,  -T,  n. 
admire,  admJror,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 
advance,  prdgredior,  -i,  -gressus 

sum ;  {to  an  attack)  sTgria  infero, 
-ferre,  -tulT,  -latus. 
advice,  consilium,  -i,  n. 
advise,  moneo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus. 
Aeduan,  Haeduus,  -a,  -um. 
afraid,  be,  timeo,  -ere,  -ui. 
after,  post,  with  ace. 
afterwards,  postea. 
again,  iterum. 
aid,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
alarm,  terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
Alesia,  Alesia,  -ae,/. 
Alexander,  Alexander, Cdri,  m. 
alike,  similis,  -e. 
all,  omnis,  -e ;  {when  equivalent  to 

the  whole)  totus,  -a,  -um,  gen. 

totius. 


ally,  socius,  -I,  m. 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  s51ius. 

Alps,  Alpes,  -ium,  m.  pi. 

already,  iam. 

also,  etiam  ;  quoque  {postposi- 
tive). 

always,  semper. 

ambassador,  legatus,  -T,  m. 

among,  inter,  with  ace;  apud, 
with  acCi 

ancient,  antiquus,  -a,  -um. 

and,  et  {ordinary  connective)  ; 
atque  {emphasizes  the  idea  fol- 
lowing) ;  -que  {enclitic,  joins 
things  which  are  thought  of  as  le- 
longing  together)  ;  both  . . .  and, 
et. .  .et;  and  not,  neque. 

and  so,  itaque. 

anger,  ira,  -ae,/. 

angry,  iratus,  -a,  -um. 

another,  alius,  -a,  -ud,  gen. 
alius. 

anxious  for,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 

Apennines,  Apenninus,  -i,  m. 

appear,  videor,  -eri,  visus  sum, 

appoint,  constituo,  -ere,  -ui, 
-iitus;  {to  an  office)  creo,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 

approach,  appropinquo,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus,  with  dat. 

approve,  probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  -i,  m. 


64 


VOCABULARY 


Aristides,  Aristides,  -is,  m. 

arm,  armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

arms,  arma,  -orum,  7i.  pi. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 

arrive,  advenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tus. 

arrogance,  superbia,  -ae,  /. 

arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,  /. 

ashamed,  be,  pudet,  -ere,  -uit, 
impers.^  with  ace.  of  person  and 
gen.  of  thing. 

Asia,  Asia,  -ae,  /. 

ask,  ask  for,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi, 
-itus,  with  ab  and  all.  of  the  per- 
son; (=  inquire)  rog5,  -are,  -avT, 
-atus,  with  ace.  of  both  person  and 
thing. 

assassin,  sicarius,  -i,  m. 

assist,  adiuvd,  -are,  -iiivi,  -iiitus. 

at,  in  with  all.;  locative. 

at  length,  tandem. 

at  once,  statim. 

at  the  foot  of,  sub,  with  all. 

Athenian,  Atlieniensis,  -e. 

Athens,  Athenae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 

attack  {a  tow?)),  oppiig-no,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus ;  make  an  attack  on, 
impetum  facere  in,  with  ace. 

attempt,  conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 

attempt,  conatus,  -lis,  m. 

Atticus,  Atticus,  -T,  m. 

avoid,  vito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  ;  ef- 
fugio,  -ere,  -fiigi. 

avi^ait,  exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 


baggage,  impedimenta,  -orum, 
n.  pi. 
Balbus,  Balbus,  -i,  m. 


banish,  expell5,  -ere,  -puli,  -pul- 

sus. 
bank,  ripa,  -ae,  /. 
barbarian,  barbarus,  -i,  m. 
battle,  proelium,  -i,  n. ;  piigna, 

-ae,  /. 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  f utiirus. 
be  able,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
be  afk-aid,  timeo,  -ere,  -ui. 
be  ashamed,  pudet,   -ere,    -uit, 

impers.,  with  aec.  of  person  and 

gen.  of  thing. 
be  descended,  orior,  -iri,  ortus 

sum. 
be  distant,  absum,  -esse,  afui, 

afutiirus  ;  dist5,  -are. 
be  in   command  of,    praesum, 

-esse,  -fui,  -futiirus,  with  dat. 
be  present,  adsum,  -esse,   -fui, 

-futiirus,  with  dat. 
be  unacquainted  w^ith,  nescio, 

-ire,  -ivi. 
beat,  supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
because,  quod. 

become,  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum. 
become  master  of,  potior,  -iri, 

-itus  sum. 
beg  for,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus. 
behold,  conspicio,   -ere,   -spexi, 

-spectus. 
Belgian,  Belga,  -ae,  m. 
believe,  credo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus, 

with  dat. 

beloved,  carus,  -a,  -um.  [-atus. 
besieg^  oppiigno,  -are,  -avi, 
better,  melior,  -ius,  adj.;  melius, 

adv. 
between,  inter,  with  aec. 
boat,  linter,  -tris,  /. 


VOCABULARY 


65 


body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 

bold,  audax,  -acis. 

boldness,  audacia,  -ae,  /.  ;  for- 
titudo,  -inis,  /. 

book,  liber,  -bri,  m. 

both,  uterque,  -traque,  -trum- 
que,  gen.  utriusque. 

both  . . .  and,  et. .  .et. 

boundaries,  fines,  -ium,  m.  pi. 

brave,  fortis,  -e. 

bravely,  fortiter. 

bravery,  virtiis,  -litis,  /. 

breadth,  latitMo,  -inis,  /. 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 

bright,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus  ; 
{men)  addiieo,  -ere,  -diixl,  -duc- 
tus ;  (news)  adf ero,  -ferre,  attuli, 
adlatus. 

bring  (to),  adfero,  -ferre,  attuli, 
adlatus. 

broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

bronze,  aes,  aeris,  n. 

brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 

Brundisium,  Brundisium,  -i,  n. 

build  {a  bridge),  facio,  -ere,  feci, 
factus. 

but,  at ;  sed ;  autem  (postpositive). 

by,  a,  ab,  with  all. 

by  night,  noctii. 


Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 
Caius,  Gaius,  -T,  m. ;  often  abbre- 
viated C. 

call,  appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
camp,  castra,  -5rum,  n.  pi. 
can,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
Capua,  Capua,  -ae,  /. 
5 


Cassius,  Cassius,  -T,  m. 
Casticus,  Casticus,  -i,  m. 
Cato,  Cat5,  -5riis,  m. 
cause,  causa,  -ae,  /. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  -iis,  m.  ;  equi- 

tes,  -um,  m.  pi. 
cease,  desist5,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus. 
Celt,  Celta,  -ae,  m. 
certain,  a,   quldam,    quaedam, 

quiddam,  subst.,  and  quoddam, 

adj.;  gen.  ciiiusdam. 
character,  ingenium,  -T,  n. 
chief,  )  .    . 

chief  man,  [  P^mceps,  -ipis,  m. 

children,  {of  free  parents)  liberi, 
-orum,  m.  pi.  ;  {general  word) 
pueri,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

choose,  deligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -lec- 
tus. 

Cicero,  Cicer5,  -onis,  m. 

citizen,  civis,  -is,  m.  ;  my,  your, 
etc.,  fellow-citizens,  mei,  tuT, 
etc.,  cives. 

city,  urbs,  urbis,  /. 

clothing,  vestis,  -is,  /.  \ 

cohort,  cohors,  -rtis,  /. 

collect  {an  army),  comparo,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 

come",  venio,  -ire,  venT,  ventiirus. 

come  back,  revenid,  -ire,  -venl. 

come  together,  conveni5,  -ire, 
-veni,  -ventiirus. 

command,  iubeo,  -ere,  iussi, 
iussus,  with  ace;  impero,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus,  with  dat.;  be  in  com- 
mand of,  praesum,  -esse,  -fui, 
with  dat. ;  place  in  command 
of,  praeficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
with  dat.  and  ace. 


66 


VOCABULARY 


command,  imperium,  -i,  n. ;  by 
command  of,  iussu,  cibl.  m. 

commander,  imperator,  -oris,  m. 

companion,  socius,  -i,  m. 

compel,  cog5,  -ere,  coegi,  coac- 
tus. 

concerning,  de,  with  abl.     [stus. 

conduct,  ger5,  -ere,  gessi,  ge- 

confusion,  tumultus,  -us,  m. 

conquer,  supero,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus ;  vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victus. 

Considius,  Considius,  -i,  m. 

conspiracy,  coniuratio,  -onis,  /. 

conspirator,  coniuratus,  -i,  m. 
.  consul,  consul,  -ulis,  m. 

contend,  contend5,  -ere,  -tendi, 
-tentus. 

convey,  adfer5  or  defero,  -ferre, 
-tuli,  -latus.  (Adfero  emphasizes 
the  recipient ;  deferd,  the  act  of 
carrying  away.) 

Corintli,  Corinthus,  -i,  f. 

country,  {territory)  ager,  -gri, 
m.,  usually  in  pi.;  {when  the  idea 
of  boundaries  is  prominent,  as  after 
words  denoting  invasion)  fines, 
-ium,  m.  pi.;  {native land)  patria, 
-ae,  /.;  {from  a  political  or  na- 
tional standpoint)  res  publica, 
rei  publicae,  /.;  {as  op^wsed  to 
the  city)  rus,  ruris,  n.;  {geo- 
graphical division)  terra,  -ae,  /. 

countryman,  civis,  -is,  m.  and  f. 

courage,  virtiis,  -litis,/. 

courier,  cursor,  -oris,  m. 

coward,  ignavus,  -T,  m. 

crime,  scelus,  -eris,  n. 

cross,  transeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus. 

cruel,  crudelis,  -e. 


cruelty,  criidelitas,  -atis,  m. 

custom,  m5s,  m5ris,  m. 

cut  down,  concido,  -ere,    -cidi, 

cTsus. 
cut  off,  intercliid5,  -ere,  -cliisi, 

-cliisus. 


dagger,  sica,  -ae, /. 
danger,  perlculum,  -i,  n. 
dangerous,  periculosus,  -a,  -um. 
day,  dies,  -ei,  m.  {andf.  ) ;  next 

day,  postridie  eius  diel,  or  po- 

ster5  die  ;    {period    of)    three 

days,  triduum,  -T,  n. 
daybreak,  at,  prima  liice,  dbl.  f. 
dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 
deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
defect,  vitium,  -i,  n. 
defend,    defends,    -ere,    -fendi, 

-fensus. 
defender,  defensor,  -oris,  m. 
demand,    impero,     -are,     -avi, 

-atus,  with  dat.  and  ace. 
delight,    delect5,      -are,     -avi, 

-atus. 
depart,  disced  5,  -ere,  -cessT,  -ces- 

sus. 
departure,  profectio,  -onis,/. 
deprive,  privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
descended,  be,  orior,  -iri,  ortus 

sum. 
desert,    relinquo,    -ere,     -liqui, 

-lictus. 
deserter,  perfuga,  -ae,  m. 
deserve,  dignus  sum,  esse,  fui, 

futurus,  with  rel.  and  subj. 
desire,  cupi5,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus. 
desire,  cupiditas,  -atis,  /. 


VOCABULARY 


67 


desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
desist,  desistd,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stilus. 
die,  morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum. 
diflTer,    differo,    -ferre,    distuli, 

dilatus. 

difficult,  difEcilis,  -e. 
difficulty,  difficultas,  -atis,  /.  / 

with  difficulty,  vix. 
direction,  pars,  -rtis,  /. 
display,  utor,  -i,  usus  sum. 
distinguished,  msignis,  -e. 
disturb,  commoveo,  -ere,  -movi, 

-motus. 

ditch,  fossa,  -ae,/. 
Diviciacus,  Diviciacus,  -i,  m. 
divine,  divinus,  -a,  -um. 
do,  ag5,  -ere,  egi,  actus  ;  facio 

-ere,  feci,  factus. 
do  harm,  noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itu- 

rus,  with  dat. 
down  from,  de,  with  all. 
drive  hack,  repell5,   -ere,   rep- 

pulT,  repulsus. 
Dumnorix,  Dumnorix,  -igis,  m. 

E 

eager,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis,  -e. 
Egypt,  Aegyptus,  -i,  /. 
eight,  octo. 

elect,  creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
eloquence,  eloquentia,  -ae,  /. 
eloquent,  eloquens,  -entis. 
embassy,  legatio,  -onis,/. 
employ,  utor,  -i,  usus  sum. 
encourage,    hortor,    -ari,  -atus 

sum. 
endure,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 


enemy  {public)^  hostis,  -is,   m., 

usually  in  pi.;  (personal)  inimi- 

cus,  -T,  m. 
enjoy,  iitor,  -i,  iisus  sum ;  fruor, 

-1,  fructus  sum,  with  dbl. 
enormous,  ingens,  -entis. 
enough,  satis,  n. 
enrol,  cdnscribo,    -ere,  -scrips!, 

-scriptus. 
enter,  ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus;  intro, 

-are,  -avi,  -atus. 
equal,   aequus,    -a,    -um  ;    par, 

paris. 
err,  err5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
escape    (from),     effugio,     -ere, 

-fiigi,  intrans.  or  with  ace. 
especially,  maxim e. 
establish,  confirmo,  -are,   -avi, 

-atus. 
Etruscan,  Etruscus,  -a,  -um. 
evade,  vit5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
even,  etiam. 
evening,  towards,    sub     vespe- 

rum. 
evil,  malus,  -a,  -um. 
excel,  praecedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -ces- 

sus  ;     praesto,     -stare,     -stiti  ; 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
exchange  w^ith    one    another, 

inter  se  dare. 
exhaust,    conficio,    -ere,     -feci, 

-fectus  ;  exhausted,  confectus, 

-a,  -um. 
exploits,  res  gestae,  /.  pi. 
extend,  pate5,  -ere,  -ui  ;  extend 

to,  pertineo,  -ere,  -ui,  with  ad. 
extol,  efferd,  -ferre,  extuli,  ela- 

tus. 
eye,  oculus,  -i,  m. 


68 


VOCABULARY 


fact,  res,  rei,/. 

faithful,  fidelis,  -e. 

faithfulness,  fides,  (-ei),  /. 

famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

far,  longe,  comp.  longius. 

far  from,  procul  ab,  with  dbl. 

fast,  celer,  -eris,  -ere. 

father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 

fault,  vitium,  -i,  n. 

fear,   timeo,    -ere,    -ui ;  vereor, 

-eri,  -itus  sum. 

fear,    metus,    -us,    m. ;    timor, 

-oris,   m.     {The  general  word  is 

metus  ;   timor  is  especially   the 

fear  of  future  evil.) 
fellow-citizen,  meus,  tuus,  suus, 

noster,  or  vester,  civis. 
few,  paucus,  -a,  -um. 
field,  ager,  -gri,  m. 
fiercely,  acriter. 
fight,  dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  ; 

piigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
finally,  denique  ;  tandem. 
first,  adj.,  primus,  -a,  -um;  adv.^ 

primum. 
flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fiigi. 
flight,    fuga,    -ae,   /. ;    put   to 

flight,  in  fugam  do,  dare,  dedl, 

datus. 
foe   (public),    hostis,     -is,     m., 

usually  in  pi.  ;  (private)  iniml- 

cus,  -T,  m. 
follow,  sequor,  -T,  seciitus  sum. 
follower,  socius,  -i,  m. 
food,  cibus,  -i,  m. 
(foot),  at  the  foot  of,  sub  with 

ahl.;  to  the  foot  of,  sub  with  ace. 
for,  (1)  conj.,  nam  ;  enim   {post- 


positive) ;  (2)  prep,  {after  a  verl 
of  motion),  ad  or  in  with  ace.  j 
{—  in  behalf  of)  pro,  with  ahl. 
force,  manus,  -us,  /.  ;  forces, 
copiae,  -arum,/. ^Z. 
forced  march,  magnum  iter, 
magni  itineris,  n.  ^ 

ford,  vadum,  -i,  n. 
forest,  silva,  -ae,  /. 
forget,  obliviscor,  -I,  -litus  sum, 
with  gen. 
forgive,    Tgnosco,    -ere,     -novi, 
-notus,  with  dot. 
form  {a  conspiracy),  facio,   -ere, 
feci,  f actus ;  {a  plan)  capio,  -ere, 
cepi,  captus,  or  ineo,    -ire,  -ii, 
-itus. 
former,  prior,   -oris  ;  superior, 
-oris  ;  the  former,  ille,  -a,  -ud, 
gen.  illius. 

formerly,  olim ;  quondam. 
fortified,     strongly,    miinitissi- 
mus,  -a,  -um. 
fortify,  munio,'  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
fourth,  quartus,  -a,  -um. 
free,  libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
free,  liber,    -era,    -erum;    free 

town,  miinicipium,  -i,  n. 
freedom,  libertas,  -atis,  /. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 
friendly,  amicus,  -a,  -um. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  /. 
from,  a,  ab;  de;  e,  ex;  with  aV 

front,  in of,  pro  with  aU. 

full,  plenus,  -a,  -um. 


O 


gain    a  request,  impetro,   -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 


VOCABULARY 


69 


gain  possession  of,  potior,  -in, 

-itus  sum,  with  all. 
Galba,  Galba,  -ae,  m. 
gate,  porta,  -ae,  /. 
Gaul  {tJie  country),  Gallia,  -ae,/. 
Gaul,  a,  Gallus,  -i,  m. 
general,   dux,    ducis,    m.;  im- 

perator,  -oris,  m. 
Geneva,  Genava,  -ae,/. 
German,  Germanus,  -i,  m. 
gift,  donum,  -T,  n. 
give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
glad,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
go,  e5,  ire,  ii,  iturus  ;   go  away, 

abeo  ;  go  out,  exeo. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um  ;    goods, 

bona,  -orum,  n.  pi. 
goodness,  bonitas,  -atis,  /, 
grain,  frumentum,  -i,  n. 
great,  magnus,  -a,  -um ;  {of  men) 

often  summus,  -a,  -um. 
great     number,      multitiido, 

-dinis,  /. 
Greece,  Graecia,  -ae,/ 
greedy,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
Greek,  Graecus,  -a,  -um. 
greet,  salutd,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
guide,  dux,  ducis,  m. 

H 

halt,  c5nsisto,  -ere,   -stiti,   -sti- 
tus. 

hand,  manus,  -iis,  /. 
happens,  it,  accidit,  -ere,  -it. 
happy,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
hard,  difficilis,  -e.         [with  dat. 
harm,  noceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -iturus, 
hasten,  contendd,  -ere,  -dl,  -tus. 
have,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 


he,  is,  (ea,  id),  gen.  eius. 
hear,  audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
heart,   pectus,    -oris,    w.,   {liter- 
ally, ^'hreasf^). 
height,  altitiido,  -dinis,  /. 
helmet,  galea,  -ae,  / 
help,    adsum,    -esse,    -fui,    -fu- 

tiirus,     with    dat. ;    iuvo    and 

adiuvo,  -are,  -iiivi,  -iiitus,  with 

ace. 

help,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
Helvetian,  Helvetius,  i,  m. 
her,  {personal)  ace.  sing.  f.  of  (is), 

ea,    (id),  gen.  eius  ;   {possessive) 

suus,  -a,  -um;  eius. 
here,  liic. 

high,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
highest,    altissimus,    -a,     -um; 

summus,  -a,  -um. 
hill,  collis,  -is,  m. 
himself,  {intensive)  ipse,  -a,  -um, 

gen.  ipsius;  {reflexive)  sui. 
hinder,  impediS,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
hindrance,  impedimentum,-i,  n. 
his,  suus,  -a,  -um;  eius. 
hold,    teneo,    -ere,    -ui  ;    hold 

{power),  obtineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ten- 

tus. 
hold  out,   sustineo,    -ere,    -ui, 

-tentus. 
home,  domus,  -iis,  f. ;  at  home, 

loc,  domi;  home,  after  verbs 

of  motion,  ace,  domum;  from 

home,  aU.,  domo. 
honor,  honor,  -5ris,  m. 
hope,  spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
hope,  spes,  -ei,  / 
horse,  equus,  -i,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  -idis,  m. 


70 


VOCABULARY 


hostile,  inimicus,  -a,  -um. 
hour,  h5ra,  -ae,  /. 
however,  autem,  postpositive. 
huge  ingens,  -entis. 
human,  humanus,  -a,  -um. 
hundred,  centum. 


I,  ego,  mei. 

Iccius,  Iccius,  -1,  m. 

immediately,  statim. 

in,  in,  with  all. ;  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of,  ad  or  circum  with 
ace. 

in  order  to,  ut,  with  sulj. 

incite  to  rebellion,  soUicito, 
-are,  -avi,  -atus. 

influence,  adduco,  -ere,  -duxT, 
-ductus ;  permoveo,  -ere,  -movT, 
-mdtus.  (Adduco  emphasises  the 
effect  on  the  actions ;  permoveo, 
the  effect  on  the  feelings  of  the  per- 
son influenced^ 

influence,  auctoritas,  -atis,  /. 

inform,  certiorem  facio,  -ere, 
feci,  f actus;  {in  pass.)  certior 
fi5,  fieri,  f actus  sum. 

inhabit,  incolo,  -ere,  -ui,  -cul- 
tus. 

inhabitant,  in  col  a,  -ae,  m. 

infantry,  peditatus,  -us,  m.  ; 
pedites,  -um,  m.  pi. 

injure,  noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus, 
with  dat. 

institution,  Tnstitutum,  -T,  n. 

integrity,  innocentia,  -ae,  /. 

into,  in  with  ace. 

iron,  ferrum,  -i,  n. 

it,  (is,  ea),  id,  gen.  eius. 


Italy,  Italia,  -ae,  /. 
its,  suus,  -a,  -um  ;  eius. 


javelin,  pilum,  -i,  n. 
joy,  gaudium,  -i,  n. 
Jura,  lura,  -ae,  m. 
just,  iiistus,  -a,  -um. 
justice,  iiistitia,  -ae,  /. 

K 

keep  from,  arceo,  -ere,  -ui. 

keep  off",  prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui, 
-itus,  generally  with  ab. 

kill,  interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fec- 
tus. 

kindness,  (act  of  kindness)  bene- 
ficium,  -i,  n.;  {the  qitality)  de- 
mentia, -ae, /. 

king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

know,  scio,  -Tre,  -ivT,  -itus  \perf . 
tenses  of  c6gn5sc5,  -ere,  -novi, 
-nitus. 

L. 

Labienus,  Labienus,  -i,  m. 
lack,   careo,   -ere,  -ui,    -itiirus, 

with  abl. 

land,  terra,  -ae,  /. 
language,  lingua,  -ae,/. 
large,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
last  (previous), iproximus,  -a,  -um. 
latter,  hic,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  hiiius. 
law,  lex,  legis,  /. 
lay  waste,     vasto,     -are,     -avi, 

-atus. 
lead.er  (military), dux,  ducis,  m.; 

(political),  princeps,  -ipis,  m. 
leadership,  principatus,  -us,  m. 
learn,  disco,  -ere,  didici. 


VOCABULARY 


■^i       ^... 


leave,  relinqu5,  -ere,  -liqul,  lic- 

tus. 

legion,  legio,  -onis,  /. 
length,  longitMo,  -dinis,  /. 
less,  {adj.)   minor,    -us  ;  {suhst.) 

minus,  -oris,  n.;  (adv.)  minus. 
lest,  ne. 

liberty,  libertas,  -atis,/. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,/. 
light,  liix,  liicis,  /. 
like,  similis,  -e. 
line-of-battle,  acies,  -ei,  /. 
little,      a,      (with    comparatives) 

paulo. 

little  by  little,  paulatim. 
little,  too,  parum. 
live,     (exist)    vivo,    -ere,    vixi  ; 

(dwell)  habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
long,  (time)  diii,  comp.  diiitius  ; 

(space)   longus,  -a,  -um. 
longer,  no,  non  iam. 
love,  amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

make,  faci5,  -ere,  feci,  factus  ; 

make     a     speech,   oration  em 

habeo,  -ere,    -ui,  -itus  ;    make 

war,  belluminferd,  -ferre,  -tuli, 

-latus,  with  dat. 
man  (human  heing),  homo,  -inis, 

m.  and  f.;  (opp.  to  woman) ^  vir, 

virT,  m. 
manner,  modus,  -i,  m. 
many,  multi,  -ae,  -a. 
march,    iter   facio,    -ere,    feci, 

factus. 
march,  forced,  magnum    iter, 

magni  itineris,  n. 


master,  dominus,  -i,  m. 
master,  become of,  potior, 

-iri,  -itus  sum,  with  abl. 

may,  licet,  -ere,  licuit  and  lici- 
tum  est,  impers.,  with  dat. 

meanwhile,  interea;  interim. 

meet,  convenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tus  ;  (in  battle)  congredior,  -i, 
-gressus  sum,  with  cum  and  abl. 

message,  niintius,  -i,  m.;  man- 
datum,  -i,  n. 

Messala,  Messala,  -ae,  m, 

mighty,  potens,  -entis. 

mildness,  mansuetiido,  -dinis,/. 

mile,  mille  passuum,  pi.  milia 
passuum,  n. 

Miltiades,  Miltiades,  -is,  m. 

mine,  meus,  -a,  -um. 

missile,  telum,  -i,  n. 

money,  peciinia,  -ae,  /. 

month,  mensis,  -is,  m. 

moon,  liina,  -ae,/. 

more,  pliis,  pliiris,  n.;  (of  «»- 
^en^amplius ;  (withadjs.)  magis. 

much,  multus,  -a,  -um  ;  (with 
comparatives)  multo. 

my,  meus,  -a,  -um. 

name,  ndmen,  -inis,  n. 
name,  uomind,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 
nation,   (foreign)    gens,     -entis, 

/.;  natio,  -5nis,  /.  ;  (Roman  or 

foreign)  populus,  -i,  m. 
near,    ad    or  apud   with  ace.   (of 

names  of  towns,  rivers.,  etc.). 
nearest,  proxiraus,  -a,  -um. 
need,  opus  or  iisus,  with  abl. 


72 


VOCABULARY 


neighborhood  of,   to   the,   ad, 

with  ace. 
neither . . .  nor,  neque  (nee)  . . . 

neque   (nee)  ;    {in  final  clauses) 

neve. 
never,  numquam. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
news,  nuntius,  -i,  m. 
next  day,  postero  die,  abl. 
night,  nox,  -ctis,  /.;  by  night, 

noctu. 
noble,  n5bilis,  -e. 
nobility,  ndbilitas,  -atis,/. 
no  longer,  n5n  iam. 
nor,    neque    (nee)  ;    {with  final 

clauses)  neve. 

•^^^  Uan. 

not,  ) 

nothing,  nihil. 
now,  iam. 

number,  numerus,  -i,  m. ;  great 
number,  multitiidd,  -dinis,/. 


oath,   iiis   iiirandum,  iiiris  iii- 

randi,  n. ,  only  in  sing. 
obey,  pared,  -ere,  -ui,  ^cith  dat. 
ocean,  Oceanus,  -i,  m. 
of  {when  it  means  concerning)^  de 

with  all. 
of  this  sort,  eius  modi. 
oflfer,  offero,  -ferre,  obtuli,  ob- 

latus. 

often,  saepe. 

old-time,  pristinus,  -a,  -um. 
Olympia,  Olympia,  -ae, /. 
on,  in  with  abl. 
on  account  of,  (1)  ob  or  propter 


with  ace.  ;  (2)  abl.  of  cause ;   (8) 
causa  or  grsitia,  following  a  gen. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  iinms; 
one  {of  two),  alter,  -era,  -erum, 
gen.  alterius. 

one  another,  with,  inter  se. 

opportunity,  potestas,  -atis,  /. 

or,  aut ;  vel ;  (in  double  ques- 
tions) an. 

orator,  orator,  -5ris,  m. 

Orgetorix,  Orgetorix,  -Tgis,  w. 

other,  (1)  {an)  other,  alius,  -a, 
-ud,  gen.  alius  ;  (2)  {tlie)  other 
(of  two),  alter,  -era,  -erura,  g^n. 
alterius  ;  (3)  the  other,  ceterus, 
-a,  -um. 

ought,  debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  ; 
oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers. 

our,  ours,  noster,  -tra,  -trum  ; 
our  men,  nostri,  -orum,  m.  pi. 

over  {Jrridge river),  in  with  abl. 

own,  the  various  possessives  meus, 
tuus,  etc. ,  sometimes  emphasized  by 
the  addition  of  ipsius,  ipsorum, 
ipsarum. 


pale,  pallidus,  -a,  -um. 

palisade,  vallum,  -i,  n. 

pardon,  ignosco,  -ere,  -novi, 
-notus,  with  dat. 

part,  pars,  -rtis,/. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 

peasant,  rfisticus,  -i,  m. 

pen,  penna,  -ae,  /.  [-T,  /. 

Peloponnese,     Peloponnesus, 

people,  (1)  {nation)  populus,  -i, 
m.,  gens,  g-entis, /.;  (2)  people, 
{in  general)  homines,  -um,  m.pl. 


VOCABULARY 


73 


persuade,  persuaded, -ere, -suasi, 

-suasus,  with  dat. 
Piso,  Piso,  -onis,  m. 
pitch,  pono,  -ere,  posui,  positus. 
place,  locus,  -i,  m. 
place  ill  command  of,  praeficio, 

-ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  with  dat.  and 

ace, 
plain,  campus,  -i,  m.  ;  planities, 

-ei,/. 
plan,  cdnsilium,  -i,  n. 
plan,  cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
pleasant,  iucundus,  -a,  -um. 
please,  delect5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus ; 

placeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  with  dat. 
pleasing,  gratus,  -a,  -um. 
pleasure,  laetitia,  -ae, /*. 
pledge,  fides,  (ei),  /. 
Pompey,  Pompeius,  -i,  m. 
possess,  liabeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
possessions,  bona,  -orum,  n.  pi.; 

all  my,  your,  etc.^  possessions, 

mea,  tua,  etc.,  omnia. 
possession  of,  take,  potior,   -iri, 

-itus  sum,  with  dbl. 
power,  potestas,  -atis, /.;  royal 

power,  regnum,  -i,  n. 
powerful,  potens,  -entis. 
Praeneste,    Praeneste,    -is,     n. 

andf. 
praise,  laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
praise,  laus,  -dis,/. 
prepare,  paro,  -are,  -avi,   -atus. 
present,  d5n5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
present,  ddnum,  -i,  n. ;  miinus, 

-eris,  n. 
present,  be,  adsum,  -esse,  -fui. 
preserve,  servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
previous,  the,proximus,-a,-um. 


pride,  superbia,  -ae,  /. 
prison,  career,  -eris,  m. 
promise,   polliceor,    -eri,    -itus 

sum  ;     pr5mitt5,    -ere,     -misi, 

-missus. 
protection,  praesidium,  -i,  n. 
province,  provincia,  -ae, /. 
public  weal,   res  piiblica,     rei 

piiblicae,  /. 
punish,  piinio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
pursue,  persequor,  -i,   -seciitus 

sum. 
put  to  flight,  in  f  ugam  do,  dare, 

dedi,  datus. 

quickly,  celeriter. 
R 

reach,     pervenio,    -ire,    -veni, 

-ventus,    with   ad,    except    with 

names  of  towns,  etc. 
receive,  accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -cep- 

tus ;  also  recipio,  particularly  of 

taking  again. 
refuse,  reciiso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
reinforcement  ( s ),     subsidium, 

-i,   n. 
remain,  mane5,     -ere,    mansi, 

mansiirus. 
remember,  memini,  -isse;   me- 

moria  teneo,  -ere,  -ui. 
Remi,  Remi,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
renew,   redintegro,     -are,    -avi, 

-atus;  renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
renown,  nobilitas,  -atis,  /. 
renowned,    nobilis,    -e;    clarus, 

-a,  -um. 
repent,  paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers. , 

with  ace.  of  person  and  gen.  of  thing. 


74 


VOCABULARY 


reply,  respondeo,  -ere,  -spondi, 

-sponsus. 
report,   defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -la- 

tus;  nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
report,  rumor,  -5ris,  m. 
repulse,   repello,    -ere,   reppuli, 

repulsus. 
request,  gain  a,  impetrd,  -are, 

-avi,  -atus. 
reserve,  subsidium,  -i,  n. 
resist,  sustineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus. 
respect,  honor,  -5ris,  m. 
rest  (of),  ceterils,  -a,   -um;  reli- 

quus,  -a,  -um. 
retreat,   {in  good  order)  me  reci- 

pi5   (te  recipis,  se  recipit,  etc.), 

-ere,    -cepi,    -ceptus;    (be  forced 

back)  pedem  refero,  -ferre,  ret- 

tulT,    relatus  ;    (take    to  flight) 

f ugio,  -ere,  fugi. 
return,    (1)    {give    hacJc)    reddo, 

-dere,  -didi,  -ditus ;  (2)  {come  or 

go  hack)  revertor,  -T,  -versus  sum 

and    reverti;    redeo,     -ire,    -ii, 

-itus. 
reward,  praemium,   -i,  n.;  mu- 

nus,  -eris,  n. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  -i,  m. 
Rhone,  Rhodanus,  -i,  m.' 
river,  flumen,  -inis,  n. 
road,  via,  -ae, /. 
rob,  spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
Roman,  Romanus,  -a,  -um. 
Rome,  R5ma,  -ae,  /. 
rout,  in  fugam  do,   dare,  dedi, 

datus. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
royal  power,  regnum,  -i,  n. 
rule,  rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus. 


run,  curro,  -ere,  cucurri,  cursus; 
run  away,  f ugio,  -ere,  fugi. 


safety,  saliis,  -litis,  /. 

same,  idem,  eadem,  idem;  gen, 

eiusdem. 
save,  servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
say,  dic5,  -ere,    dixi,  dictus ;   {to 

introduce  direct  discourse)  inquit, 

inquiunt,  placed  after  one  or  more 

words  of  the  quotation. 
Scipio,  Scipio,  -onis,  m. 
scout,  expl5rator,  -5ris,  m. 
sea,  mare,  -is,  n. 
see,  video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus. 
seek,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus. 
seize,  occupo,   -are,    -avi,  -atus. 
select,  deligo,  -ere,  -leg[,  -lectus. 
Sequanian,  Sequanus,  -i,  m. 
senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 
senate-house,  ciiria,  -ae,/. 
send,  mittd,  -ere,  misi,  missus; 

send  ahead,  praemitto;   send 

away,  dimitto. 
sentinels,  vigilia,-ae,/.,  generally 

in  pi.  \dat. 

serve,  servio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  %Dith 
set  out,   proficiscor,   -i,  -fectus 

sum. 
sharer,  particeps,  -cipis,  m. 
sharing,  particeps,  -cipis. 
she,  (is),  ea,  (id),  gen.  eius. 
shield,  sciitum,  -i,  n. 
ship,  navis,  -is,  /. 
shoot,  mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missus, 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
shout, 
shouting, 


( clamor,  -oris,  m. 


VOCABULARY 


75 


shrewd,  prudens,  -entis. 

shrewdness,  prudentia,  -gie,  /. 

sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum. 

silver,  argentum,  -i,  n. 

sister,  soror,  -oris,  /. 

six,  sex. 

size,  magnitudo,  -dinis,/. 

skilled,   )        ., 

peritus,  -a,  -um. 


skilful 

skin,  pellis,  -is,  /. 

slain,  interfectus,  -a,  -um. 

slay,  interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -f  ectus. 

slaughter,  caedes,  -is,  /. 

slave,  servus,  -i,  m. 

sleep,  dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiirus. 

small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 

so,  tam;  ita  ;  and  so,  itaque. 

so  great,  tantus,  -a,  -um. 

so  that,  ut. 

soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m. 

some,  (1)  aliquis,  -qua,  -quid, 
subst,  and  -quod,  adj.^  gen. 
alicuius ;  (2)  (more  definite)  non- 
nuUus,  -a,  -um ;  (3)  (=  certain) 
quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam, 
siibst.^  and  quoddam,  adj.^  gen. 
ciiiusdam. 

sometimes,  nonnumquam  ;  in- 
terdutn. 

soon,  mox. 

sooner,  matiirius. 

sorrow,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 

sort,  modus,  -i,  m. ;  what  sort 
of,  qualis,  -e;  ciiius  modi;  this 
sort  of,  talis ;  eius  modi. 

sovereignty,  imperium,  -T,  n. 

Spain,  Hispania,  -ae, /. 

spare,  pared,  -ere,  peperei,  par- 
sus,  with  dat. 


speak,  loquor,  -i,  locdtus  sum. 

spear,  hasta,  -ae,  f. 

speech,  dratio,   -onis,  /.;  make 

a    speech,    orationem    liabe5, 

-ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
speed,  celeritas,  -atis/.;  veloci- 

tas,  -atis,  /. 
state,  {as  an  organization  07' politi- 
cal unit),  ci vitas,  -atis,  f.;  {as 

the  possession  of  the  people)  res 

piiblica,  rei  piiblicae,  /. 
station,  c5nstitu6,-ere,  -ui,-iitus. 
statue,  statua,  -ae, /. 
stature,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 
stay,  mane5,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 

siirus. 
stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 
strife,  discordia,  -ae,/. 
strip,  niido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
strongly    fortified,     miinitissi- 

mus,  -a,  -um. 
successful,  felix,  felicis. 
such,  talis,  -e ;  eius  modi ;  {when 

it    means  so    great)  tantus,    -a, 

-um. 
suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 
summer,  aestas,  -atis,  /. 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
supplies,  commeatus,  -iis,  m. 
supply,  copia,  -ae,  /. 
support,  subsidium,  -i,  n. 
surpass,   praecedo,  -ere,   -cessi, 

-cessus. 
surrender,  me  dedo,  (te  dedis, 

se  dedit,  etc.),  dedere,  dedidi, 

deditus. 
survive,   supersum,  -esse,    -fui, 

with  dat. 
survivors,  ii  qui  supersunt. 


76 


VOCABULAEY 


swift,  celer,    -eris,  -ere  ;  velox, 
-ocis. 
gword,  gladius,  -i,  m. 


tablet,  testula,  -ae,  /. 

take,  capio,  -ere,   cepi,  captus  ; 

(hy  storm)  expug-no,  -are,  -avi, 

-atus. 
take  possession  of,  potior,  -iri, 

-itus  sum,  with  abl. 
tear,  lacrima,  -ae,  /. 
tell,  dic5,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
ten,  decern. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 
terms,  condici5nes,  -um,  /.  pi. 
territories,  fines,  -ium,  m.  pi. 
terror,  metus,  -us,  m. 
than,  quam. 
that,   (1)    {dem.  pron.)   ille,   -a, 

-ud,  gen.  illTus  ;  is,  ea,  id,  gen. 

eius  ;    (2)  (rel.  pron.)  qui,  quae, 

quod,  gen.  cuius  ;  (3)  (conj.)  ut; 

that . . .  not,  ne. 
their,  theirs,     suus,     -a,    -um  ; 

eorum,  earum. 
Themistocles,  Themistocles,  -is, 

m. 
then,   turn  ;    deinde    (the  latter 

of  a  series). 
there,  ibi. 

therefore,  qua    re  (lit.   ^^where- 
fore''). 

thickness,  crassitudo,  -dinis,  /. 
thing,  res,  rei,/. 
think,  puto,  -are,    -avi,    -atus  ; 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
third,  tertius,  -a,  -um. 
this,  hic,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  Mius. 


thousand,     mille;     pi.    milia, 

-ium,  71. 
three,  tres,  tria ;  three  days,  tri- 

duum,  -T,  n. 
throne,  regnum,  -T,  n. 
through,  per  with  ace. 
throw,  conici5,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus. 
thus,  sic. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 
tired,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 
Titurius,  Titiirius,  -i,  m. 
to,  ad  with  ace.,  in  with  ace.;    to 

the  foot  of,  sub  with  ace. ;  to  the 

neighborhood  of,  ad  with  ace. 
to-day,  hodie. 
tomb,  sepulcrum,  -i,  n. 
to-morrow,  eras. 
too  little,  parum. 
too  much,  nimis. 
tower,  turris,  -is,  /. 
town,  oppidum,  -l,n.;  free  town, 

miinicipium,  -i,  n. 
traitor,  proditor,  -oris,  m. 
tribe,  gens,  -entis,  /. 
troops,   copiae,    -arum,  /.  pi.  ; 

milites,  -um,  m.  pi. 
trust,  confid5,  -ere,  -fisus  sum. 

with  dat. 
try,  Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum. 
two,  duo,  -ae,  -o. 
tyrant,  tyrannus,  -i,  m. 

U 

unacquainted  with,  be,  nescio, 
-ire,  -ivi. 
unfortunate,  miser,  -era,  -erum, 
unlike,  dissimilis,  -e. 
use,  iitor,  -i,  iisus  sum,  with  dbl. 


TOCABULARY 


77 


use,  usus,  -us,  m. 
utmost,  summus,  -a,  -um. 

V 

valor,  virtus,  -utis,  /. 
valuable,  pretiosus,  -a,  -um. 
very,  use  the  superlative. 
victor,  victor,  -oris,  m. 
victorious,  victor,  -oris. 
victory,  victoria,  -ae,  /. 

'  ( suflPrag-ium,-i,n. 

voting-tablet,  \  *=         '    ' 

ISV 

wage,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 

wait,  wait  for,  exspecto,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 

wall,  miirus,  -i,  m. 

war,  bellum,  -i,  n.  ;  make  war, 
bellum  inferd,  -ferre,  -tuli, 
-latus,  witli  dat. 

watch,  vigil  ia,  -ae,  /. 

way,  via,  -ae,/. 

we,  n5s,  nostri  and  nostrum. 

weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 

weary,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

weight,  pondus,  -eris,  n. 

well,  bene. 

what  sort  of,  qualis,  -e ;  ciiius 
modi. 

when,  cum,  ubi  ;  (interrog.) 
quand5. 

whence,  unde. 

where,  ubi  ;  ft*om  where,  unde. 

whether,  num  ;  {in  douNe  ques- 
tions) utrum,  -ne. 

which,  (1)  (rel.)  qui,  quae, 
quod,  gen.  ciiius  ;  (2)  (interr.) 
quis,  (quae),  quid,  subst.,  and 
quod,  adj.^  gen.  ciiius. 


whole,  totus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  t5tius. 
who,  (1)  {rel.)  qui,  quae,  quod, 
gen.     ciiius  ;    (2)    {interr.)    quis, 

(quae),  quid,  suhst..  and  quod, 

adj.,  gen.  ciiius. 
why,  ciir. 

wicked,  impius,  -a,  -um. 
wife,  uxor,  -oris,/. 
winter,  hiems,  -is,  /. 
wisdom,     {shrewdness)     priiden- 

tia,  -ae,  /  ;  {general  word)  sapi- 

entia,  -ae,/ 
wise,  sapiens,  -entis. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui  ;  cupio, 

-ere,  -ivi,  -itus. 
with,  cum,  with  all.  ;  with  one 

another,  inter  se. 
withdraw,   discedo,  -ere,  -cessi, 

-cessus. 
within,  in  with  dbl.  ;  intra  with 

ace. 

woman,  mulier,  -eris,/. 
word,  verbum,  -i,  n. 
worthy   (of),    dignus,    -a,    -um, 

with  dbl. 
wound,    vulnero,     -are,     -avi, 

-atus. 
wound,  vulnus,  -eris,  n. 
write,      scrib5,      -ere,     scripsi, 

scriptus. 

Y 

year,  annus,  -i,  m. 

yesterday,  hen. 

you,   (1)  {sing.)  til,  tui;  (2)   (j>l.) 

vos,  vestri  and  vestrum. 
your,    {of  one  person)   tuus,    -a, 

-um ;  {of  more  than  one)  vester, 

-tra,  -trum. 


SPECIAL  VOCABULARIES 


Most  of  the  important  new  words  of  each  lesson  are  here  printed  for 
preliminary  study  and  memorizing.  The  numbers  correspond  to  the 
numbers  of  the  lessons. 


VOCABULARY   I 


chief,  princeps,  -ipis,  m. 
conspiracy,     coniiiratio,    -onis, 
/.;  form  a  conspiracy,  coniiira- 

tionem  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
enemy,  hostis,  -is,  m.,  generally 

in  pi. 

fear,  timeo,  -ere,  -ul. 
Gaul  {the  country)^  Gallia,  -ae, 
/.  ;  a  Gaul,  Gallus,  -i,  m. 
hear,  audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
so  out,  exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itiirus. 
inhabit,  incolo,  -ere,  -ui,  -cultus. 
march,  iter    facid,    -ere,    feci, 

factus. 


part,  pars,  -rtis,  /. 
province,  provincia,  -ae,  /. 
royal  power,  throne,    regnum, 

-i,  n. 
rule,  rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus. 
seize,  occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
speech,  oratio,  -onis,  /.  ;  make 

a  speech,    orationem    habeo, 

-ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
state,  civitas,  -atis,  /. 
through,  per,  with  ace. 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,  /. 
wage,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
war,  bellum,  -i,  n. 


VOCABULARY   IL 


all,  omnis,  -e. 
ambassador,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
appoint,  elect,  creo,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus. 
attempt,  c5nor,  -ari,  -atus  suna. 
bold,  audax,  -acis. 
brave,  fortis,  -e. 
brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 


call,  appell5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
exchange    w^ith    one    another, 
inter  se  d5,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 
general,  imperator,  -5ris,  m. 
have,  habed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  m. 


80 


SPECIAL  YOCABULAKIES 


mighty,  potens,  -entis. 
oath,  ius   iurandum,    iuris   iu- 
randi,  n.     - 
our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 


people,  populus,  -i,  m. 
pledge,  fides,  (ei),  /. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem,  gen. 
eiusdem. 


VOCABULARY    III 

admire     admiror,     -ari,     -atus  '  guide,  leader,  dux,  duels,  m. 


sum. 
bravery, courage,  virtiis,  -litis,/. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
comimander,   general,    impera- 

tor,  -oris,  m. 
choose,  deligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -lec- 

tus. 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  m. 
disturb,  commoveo,  -ere,  -movi, 

-motus. 
flee,  fug-io,  -ere,  fiigi. 
glad,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 


height,  altitiidd,  -dinis,  /. 
high,  deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
news,    niintius,    -i,    m.;    bring 

news,  niintium  adfero,  -ferre, 

attulT,  adlatus. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
plain,  campus,  -T,  m. ;  planities, 

-ei,/. 
river,  fliimen,  -minis,  n. 
see,  video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus. 
scout,  explorator,  -oris,  m. 


children,    {general  word)   puerT, 

-orum,  m.  pi.;   {of  free  parents) 

llberi,  -orum,  m.  pi. 
defend,   defendo,    -ere,    -fendi, 

-fensus. 

defender,  defensor,  -oris,  m. 
depart,  disced5,  -ere,  -cessT,  -ces- 

sus. 
difficulty,  difRcultas,  -atis,  /. 
enter,  ined,  -Tre,  -ii,  -itus  ;  intro, 

-are,  -avi,  -atus. 
forces,  copiae,  -arum,  /.  pi. 
joy.  gaudium,  -i,  n. 


VOCABUL.ARY  IV 

please,  delect5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

slay,  interficio,  -ere,  -f eci, -f ectus. 

sorrow,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 

speed,  celeritas,  -atis,  /. 

stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 

sword,  gladius,  -i,  m.;  ferrum, 
-1,  n.  (a  figurative  word,  used  in 
such  expressions  as  ^^  slain  with  the 
sword''''). 

take,  capid,  -ere,  cepi,   captus. 

weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 

woman,  mulier,  -eris,  /. 


VOCABULARY   V 

accomplish,  c5nfici5,  -ere,  -feci,  I  already,  iam. 
-fectus.  I  camp,  castra,  -5rum,  n.  pi. 


SPECIAL  YOCABULARIES 


81 


cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  w.,  or 
the  pi.  of  eques,  -itis,  (horse- 
man)^ m. 

confusion,  tumultus,  -us,  m. 

establish,  constituo,  -ere,  -ui, 
-utus. 

fortify,  munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 

friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  /. 

incite  to  rebellion,  sollicito, 
-are,  -avi,  -atus. 


infantry,  peditatus,  -us,  m.,  or 
the  pi.  of  pedes,  -itis,  {foot- 
soldier)^  m. 

nearest,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  /. 

repulse,  repello,  -ere,  reppuli, 
repulsus. 

shield,  sciituin,  -i,  n. 

shouting:,  clamor,  -oris,  m. 

size,  magnitiido,  -dinis,/. 


VOCABULARY   VI 


convey,  adfero  or  defero,  -ferre, 
-tuli,  -latus.  {See  general  vocab- 
ulary.) 

fact,  res,  rei,  /. 

gift,  d5num,  -i,  n. 

home,  domus,  -iis,/. 

hostage,  obses,  -idis,  m. 

message,  mandatum,  -i,  n. 

nation,  gens,  gentis,  /./  natio, 
-5nis,  /.;  populus,  -i,  m.  {See 
general  vocabulary.) 


present,  dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
promise,    polliceor,    -eri,    -itus 

sum. 
report,     defero,     -ferre,     -tuli, 

-latus ;  niintio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
reward,  praemium,  -i,  n.;  mn- 

nus,  -eris,  n. 

send,  mittd,  -ere,  misi,  missus. 
set  out,  proficiscor,   -i,  -fectus 

sum. 
victorious,  victor,  -oris. 


VOCABULARY   VII 


be  in  command  of,  praesum, 

-esse,  -fui,  with  dat. 
believe,  credo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus, 

with  dat. 
conquer,  vinc5,  -ere,  vici,  vic- 

tus. 
help,    adsum,   -esse,    -fui,   with 

dat.;    iuvo    and  adittvo,    -are, 

-iiivi,  -iiitus,  with  ace. 
harm,  noce5,  -ere,  -ui,  -itiirus, 

with  dat. 
make  war  on,   bellum   infero, 

-ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  with  dat. 
6 


obey,   pareo,   -ere,   -ui,   -itiirus, 

with  dat. 
place  in  command  of,  praefici5, 

-ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  with  dat. 
persuade,  persuadeo,  -ere,-suasi, 

-suasus,  with  dat. 
please,   placeo,  -ere,   -ui,   -itus, 

with  dat. 
spare,  parco,  -ere,  peperci,  par- 

sus,  with  dat. 
serve,  servio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  with 

dat. 
tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 


82 


SPECIAL   VOCABULARIES 


VOCABULARY    VIII 


army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 
bag^gage,  impedimenta,  -drum, 
n.  pi. 
enemy  (personal)^  inimicus,  -i,  m. 
faithful,  fidelis,  -e. 
grain,  frumentum,  -i,  n. 


hinder,  impedi5,  -ire,  -ivi.  -itus. 
master,  lord,  dominus,  -T,  m. 
pardon,    Ignosco,    -ere,    -novi. 
-ndtus,  with  dat. 
slave,  servus,  -I,  m. 
well,  bene. 


VOCABULARY    IX 


aid,  help,  auxilium,  -i,  n. 
departure,  profecti5,  -onis,  /. 
hindrance,  impedimentum,  -i,  n. 
hostile,  inimicus,  -a,  -um. 
like,  similis,  -e. 
money,  peciinia,  -ae, /. 
plan,  c5nsilium,  -i,  n.;  form  a 

plan,    consilium    capio,    -ere, 

cepi,  captus. 


present,  donum,  -i,  n.;  miinus, 

-eris,  n. 
protection,  praesidium,  -i,  n. 
reinforcement  ( s ) ,     subsidium, 

-i,  n. 
suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 
unlike,  dissirailis,  -e. 
use,  usus,  -lis,  m. 
weary,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 


VOCABULARY  X 


after,  post,  with  ace. 
afterwards,  postea. 
attack,    impetum    facio,     -ere, 

feci,  f actus  in,  icith  ace. 
battle,  proelium,    i,  n.;   renew 

the  battle,    proelium  redinte- 

gro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
besiege,    oppiigno,     -are,    -avi, 

-atus. 
easily,  facile. 
especially,  maxime. 
exhausted,  c5nfectus,  -a,  -um. 
forced  march,    magnum   iter, 

magni  itineris,  n. 


hasten,  contendo,  -ere,  -di, 
-tus, 

immediately,  statim. 

leave,  relinquo,  -ere,  -liqui, 
-lictus. 

reserve,  reinforcement,  subsi- 
dium, -i,  n. 

soon,  mox. 

to  the  foot  of,  sub,  with  ace. 

trust,  confido,  -ere,  -fisus  sum, 
with  dat. 

wound,  vulnus,  -eris,  n. 


SPECIAL  VOCABULARIES 


83 


VOCABULARY   XI 


also,  quoque,  postpositive. 
arm,  armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
attack  {a  town),  oppugnd,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 
broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 
city,  urbs,  urbis,/. 
come,  venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventiirus. 
ditch,  fossa,  -ae,  /. 
great  number,  multitudd,  -dinis, 


/./    magnus  numerus,   magni 

numeri,  m. 
ship,  navis,  -is,/. 
to-morrow,  eras. 
town,  oppidum,  -i,  n. 
troops,   copiae,    -arum,  /.    pi.; 

milites,  -um,  m.  pi. 
wall,  miirus,  -i,  m. 


VOCABULARY   XII 


at   daybreak,   prima  liice,    abl. 

fern. 

at  the  foot  of,  sub,  with  abl. 
camp,    castra,     -orum,    n.    pi.; 

pitch  a  camp,  castra  pono,  -ere, 

posui,  positus. 
enrol,  conscribo,    -ere,    -scripsi, 

-scriptus. 
halt,  consisto,  -ere,  -stiti. 
hill,  collis,  -is,  m. 


hour,  bora,  -ae,/. 

in  the  neighborhood  of,  ad,  with 

ace. 

month,  mensis,  -is,  m. 
night,  nox,  -ctis,  /. 
sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum. 
stay,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 

surus. 
within,  intra,  with  ace. 
year,  annus,  -i,  m. 


VOCABULARY   XIII 


ally,  socius,  -i,  m. 
distinguished,  insignis,  -e. 
excel,   surpass,   praecCdo,  -ere, 
-cessi,  -cessus. 
influence,  auctoritas,  -atis,  / 
justice,  iiistitia,  -ae,  / 
kindness,  dementia,  -ae,  / 
language,  lingua,  -ae,  /. 


length,  longitudo,  -dinis,/ 
noble,  ndbilis,  -e. 
of  this  sort,  eius  modi,  gen.  m, 
prudence,  priidentia,  -ae,  / 
successful,  felix,  -icis. 
thickness,  crassitiid5,  -dinis,  / 
time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 


VOCABULARY   XIV 


advance,  progredior,  -i,  -gressus 
sum. 


a  little  {with  comparatives),  paulo. 
dear,  earns,  -a,  -um. 


84 


SPECIAL  VOCABULAKIES 


eloquent,  eloquens,  -entis. 

former,  ille,  -a,  -ud,  gen.  illius. 

far,  longe. 

latter,  hie,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  huius. 

much,  mult5. 

narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 


previous   (the),    proximus,    -a. 
-um. 
rest  of  (the),  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 
swift,  velox,  -ocis. 
skilful,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 
shrewd,  prudens,  -entis. 


VOCABULARY   XV 


he  distant  from,  absum,  abesse, 

afui,  afuturus,  with  a  <>/•  ab  and 

all. 
hravely,  fortiter. 
by  chance,  forte. 
certain  (a),  quTdam,   quaedam, 

quiddam,  suUt.^  and  quoddam, 

adj.^  gen.  cuiusdam. 
enormous,  ingens,  -entis. 
hold   out,   sustineo,    -ere,    -ui, 

-tentus. 


meanwhile,  interea  ;  interim. 

messenger,  niintius,  -I,  m. 

nobility,  nobilitas,  -atis,  /. 

reach,  pervenid,  -ire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tus,  with  ad  and  ace,  ad  heijig 
omitted  with  names  of  towns  and 
the  like. 

support,  subsidium,  -i,  n. 

with  difficulty,  vix. 


VOCABULARY    XVI 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius. 
assassin,  sicarius,  -i,  m. 
await,  exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
be  present,  adsum,  -esse,  -fui, 

-futiirus,  with  dat. 
direction,  pars,  -rtis,  /. 
gate,  porta,  -ae,  /. 
integrity,  innocentia,  -ae,  /. 
near,  ad  or  apud,  with  ace. 
pride,      arrogance,      superbia, 

-ae,  /. 


return,  (1)  {give  hack)  reddo, 
-dere,  -didi,  -ditus  ;  (2)  {come  or 
go  lach)  revertor,  -i,  -versus 
sum  and  -vertT ;  rede5,  -ire,  -ii, 
-itus. 

so,  tam. 

so  great,  tantus,  -a,  -um. 

wisdom,  sapientia,  -ae, /. 

watch,  vigilia,  -ae, /. 

weight,  pondus,  -eris,  n. 


accuse,  acciiso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
be  ashamed,  pudet,  -ere,   -uit, 

impers.   with  ace.   of  person  and 

gen.  of  thing. 
crime,  scelus,  -eris,  n. 


VOCABULARY   XVII 

delight,  delects,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
eager,     anxious,     cupidus,    -a, 

-um. 
extol,     effero,     -ferre,     extuli, 

elatus. 


SPECIAL   VOCABULARIES 


85 


forget,    obliviscor,    -i,     oblitus 

sura,  with  gen. 
honor,  honor,  -oris,  m. 
kindness   {act  of)^    beneficium, 

-1,  n. 
plan,  cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
remember,  meniini,  -isse. 


repent,  paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  m- 
pers.  with  ace.  of  person  and  gen. 
of  thing. 

senate-house,  curia,  -ae,  /. 

sharer,  particeps,  -ipis,  m. 

skilled,  skilful,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 

slaughter,  caedes,  -is,  /. 


VOCABULARY   XVIII 


attack,  impetus,  -iis,  m. 
attempt,  conatus,  -us,  m. 
be  descended,  orior,  -iri,  ortus 
sum. 
deprive,  privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
desist,  desistd,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus. 
free,  libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
iron,  ferrum,  -i,  n. 


keep  off,    prohibe5,    -ere,    -ui, 

-itus,  generally  with  ab. 
lack,  careo,  -ere,  -ui. 
liberty,  libertas,  -atis,/. 
life,  vita,  -ae,/. 
strip,  niido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
yesterday,  heri. 
withdraw,  discedd,  -ere,  -cessi, 

-cessus. 


VOCABULARY   XIX 


absolute,  perpetuus,  -a,  -um. 

act,  factum,  -i,  n. 

become   master  of,  gain,   take 

possession  of,  potior,  -iri,  -itus 

sum. 
enjoy,  fruor,    -i,  friictus  sum  ; 

iitor,  -i,  iisus  sum. 
evade,  vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
former  (a),  superior,  -oris.     {Do 

not  confound  with  the  former, 

which  is  ille.) 
last  (i.e.,    latest) y  proximus,  -a, 

-um. 


need,  opus,  n. ;  iisus,  m. 
power,  potestas,  -atis,  /. 
sentinels,  vigilia,  -ae,  /.,  geiwr- 

ally  in  pi. 

supply,  copia,  -ae,  /. 
throw,  conicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iec- 

tus. 

tyrant,  tyrannus,  -i,  m. 
unworthy,  indignus,  -a,  -um. 
use,    employ,     iitor,    -i,     -ftsus 

sum. 
worthy,  dignus,  -a,  -um. 


accept,  accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -cep- 
tus. 
beg  for,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus. 


VOCABULARY   XX 

clothing,  vestis,  -is,/. 
field,  ager,  -gri,  m. 
food,  cibus,  -i,  m. 


86 


SPECIAL   VOCABULARIES 


lay    waste,     vasto,    -are,    -avi, 

-atus. 
mildness,  mansuetudo,  -dinis,/. 
next  day,  postridie  (eius  diei). 
offer,  offerd,  -ferre,  obtull,  obla- 

tus. 
old-time,  pristinus,  -a,  -um. 


refuse,  recus5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
surrender,     dedo,     -ere,    -didJ, 

-ditus. 
survive,   supersum,    -esse,  -fui, 

with  dat. 
tear,  lacrima,  -ae,  /. 
terms,  condiciones,  -um,/.  pi. 


VOCABUL.ARY  XXI 


advance,   signa   infero,    -ferre, 

-tuli,  -latus. 
advise,  moneo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus. 
boat,  linter,  -tris,  /. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
command,    impero,    -are,  -avi, 

-atus,    with  dat. ;    iubeo,   -ere, 

iussi,  iussus,  with  ace. 
happen,  accidd,  -ere,  -cidi  ;  fio, 

fieri,  factus  sum. 


quickly,  celeriter. 

retreat,  me  recipid  (te  recipis, 

se  recipit,  etc.)^  -ere,  -cepi,  -cep- 

tus. 
select,   deligo,   -ere,   -legi,  -lec- 

tus. 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui. 


VOCABULARY  XXII 


angry,  iratus,  -a,  -um. 
ask,  rog5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
cruel,  criidelis,  -e. 
know,  scio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
often,  saepe. 
say,  dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus. 


sister,  soror,  -oris,/. 
sleep,  dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiirus. 
strongly  fortified,  superlative  of 
miinitus,  -a,  -um. 
think,  puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
wise,  sapiens,  -entis. 
why,  ciir  ;  qua  re. 


VOCABULARY   XXIII 


conduct,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
desire,  cupiditas,  -atis,  / 
divine,  divinus,  -a,  -um. 
err,  err5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
fault,  defect,  vitium,  -i,  n. 
fellow-citizen,  meus,  tuus,  suus, 
etc.  J  civis,  -is,  m. 


hard,  diirus,  -a,  -um. 
human,  hiim5nus,  -a,  -um. 
opportunity,  potestas,  -atis,  /. 
resist,  sustineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus. 
save,  preserve,  servo,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus. 


SPECIAL   VOCABULARIES 


87 


VOCABULARY   XXIV 


danger,  periculum,  -i,  n. 
deserter,  perf uga,  -ae,  m, 
free,  libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
follow,  sequor,  -i,  secutus  sum. 
gain  a  request,  impetro,  -are, 
-avi,  -atus. 


no  longer,  non  iam. 

pursue,   persequor,  -i,  -secutus 

sum. 
reply,  respondeo,  -ere,  -di,  -spon- 

sus. 
sooner,  maturius. 


VOCABULARY   XXV 


appoint,    constituo,    -ere,    -ui, 

-utus. 
come  together,  meet,  convenio, 

-ire,  -veni,  -ventiirus. 
compel,   c5go,    -ere,  coegi,   co- 

actus. 

coward,  ignavus,  -i,  m. 
endure,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
make,  facid,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 


respect,  honor,  -oris,  m. 
run,  curro,  -ere,  cucurri,  cursus. 
run  away,  fugio,  -ere,  fiigi. 
send  away,  amitto,  -ere,  -misi, 

-missus. 
traitor,  proditor,  -oris,  n. 
unfortunate,  miser,  -era,-erum; 

infelix,  -icis. 


VOCABULARY   XXVI 


cohort,  cohors,  -rtis,  /. 

desert,  relinquo,  -ere,  -liqui, 
-lictus. 

encourage,  hortor,  -ari,  -atus 
sum. 

in  front  of,  pro,  with  dbl. 

in  one's  hands  (=  in  one's  pow- 
er), penes,  with  ace. 

line  of  battle,  acies,  -ei,  /. 


safety,  salus,  -litis,  /. 
said  he,  inquit. 

shoot,  mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missus. 
station,  constitud,  -ere,  -ui, 
-iitus. 
therefore,  qua  re  (liter  ally'' ^where- 
fore'*'')'^ igitur  {generally  post- 
positive). 


THE  6ILDERSLEEVE-L0D6E  LATIN  SERIES      ~ 

UNDER   THE   EDITORIAL   SUPERVISION   OF 

BASIL  L.  QILDERSLEEVE     and      GONZALEZ  LODGE 

PROFESSOR    OF    GREEK  PROFESSOR    OF    LATIN 

JOHNS    HOPKINS    UNIVERSITY  TEACHERS    COLLEGE,    COLUMBIA   UNIVERSITY 

WITH    THE    COOPERATION    OF 

MOSES  S.  SLAUGHTER        and        THOMAS  FITZ-HUGH 

PROFESSOR   OF    LATIN  PROFESSOR    OF    LATIN 

UNIVERSITY   OF  WISCONSIN  UNIVERSITY   OF  VIRGINIA 


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